What tricks do you use to remember new information? Bell Work

Memory

Types of Memories

What is Memory? Process we recollect prior experiences, information, or skills learned in the past.

Specific event Flashbulb memory: Episodic Memory Specific event Flashbulb memory: How did you meet your significant other? When did you win a competition? These have a special meaning for us. 9/11

Who wrote your favorite quote? Generic Memory General Knowledge Who is the president? Who wrote your favorite quote? Doesn’t usually involve a date you learned it. Recite the alphabet.

Skills/procedures learned. Reading a bike. Procedural Memory Skills/procedures learned. Reading a bike. Skill memory lasts a long time. Can you forget to ride a bike?

Three Processes of Memory Think: How do you store and retrieve information from a computer?

Encoding

Translation of information into a form in which it can be stored. Encoding Translation of information into a form in which it can be stored. First stage of processing information.

Pencils Down… Remember this… 30 seconds

Remember This: 30 Seconds OTTFFSSENT

Seeing the letters as a picture. Making a mental image of things Visual Codes Seeing the letters as a picture. Making a mental image of things Grocery shopping

Reading the list and repeating it to yourself. Acoustic Codes Reading the list and repeating it to yourself. Using an auditory cue to help you remember.

Making sense of the letters “Only Thirty Thousand Foul Fowls…” Semantic Codes Making sense of the letters “Only Thirty Thousand Foul Fowls…” Numbers Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

How do you save something to a computer? Storage:

Second Stage of Processing Information Storage Second Stage of Processing Information Maintenance of encoded information Best way is rehearsal

Maintenance Rehearsal Repeating information to save it.

Elaborative Rehearsal Creating meaning for information. Using words in a sentence rather than just memorizing definitions.

Organizational Systems (Under Storage) Expansion of organized information Why do we keep taking certain classes? Develop files within files (Fileception!)

Can eventually put them in the “right” place. Filing Errors Mistakes can be made Can eventually put them in the “right” place.

Wrap Up If you wanted to remember the definition of storage how could you use the different types of rehearsal to do it?

Bell Work Give an example of an episodic, a general, and a procedural memory.

Three Stages of Memory

Icon – Mental pictures of visual stimuli Sensory Based on senses Icon – Mental pictures of visual stimuli Iconic Memory Photographic Memory Echoes – Mental traces of sound Echoic Memory Easier than visual

What you are thinking now uses short term memory “Working Memory” What you are thinking now uses short term memory Rehearsal puts helps create long term memory

Short Term Memory Primacy Effect Recency Effect Chunking The tendency to recall the first bits of information (from a list or group) Recency Effect Tendency to recall the last bits of information (more recent than first or middle) Chunking Write down a phone number you know. Social Security Numbers Credit Cards

Short Term Memory Interference New information replaces what was previously in short term memory Cramming for a test Time consuming instructions.

Long Term Final stage of memory Capacity of Memory All senses No limit yet discovered Not permanent Memory as Reconstruction Memories are not videos Reconstruction of information the brain held on to.

Retrieval Next step is finding information… How do you do this on a computer? Retrieval

Retrieval Bringing information back. Context-Dependent State-Dependent Memories come back dependent on context (hearing an old song, brings back memories) State-Dependent Memories related to state of being at the time they were established Drugs and alcohol Caffeine

Memory Tasks

Basic Memory Tasks Recognition Recall Relearning Identifying things you have memories about Easiest Recall Reconstruct information in your mind More than just recognizing you’ve seen it before. Relearning We forget Relearning is more rapid than learning

Amnesia Infantile: Anterograde: Retrograde: Cannot remember before the age of three Brain is not developed enough to constantly rehearse memories Anterograde: Trauma to the brain (blow to head, shock, surgery) Forming new memories Retrograde: Lose memories leading up to trauma The Majestic

Improving Memory Unusual Associations Mnemonic Devices Strange way of remembering things Efferant nerves go in which direction? Mnemonic Devices Acronym, phrase, or jingle HOMES Name game

Wrap Up Why is it important to keep rehearsing information?