Canada After the War The Returning Soldiers To be generous to its soldiers Canada passed the Veteran’s Charter in 1944 $1.2 billion was set aside to help them They could claim $100 for clothing, 10,000 life insurance $7.50 for each 30 days of service – a private with 3 yrs service could collect about $500 1944-46 – 300,000 women (25% of female workers) left their jobs

Canada After the War About The Returning Soldier Many had difficulty adjusting to ‘civvy street’ (Reflected in magazine fiction) Tension – year after war – record in marriages and divorces. By 1947 the divorce rate began to decline Reaction - More importance placed on traditional gender roles Idealized image of ‘normal’ family life – a middle class illusion (by 1951 25% of women worked outside the home)

Canada After the War The Baby Boom 1946-1955 – 3.9 million babies; By 1961 – 6.7 million (Total 1961 - 18,238,247) By end of the boom (1964) – 9/10 born in hospitals (Previous generation largely born at home (From 1/5 just after the war) What’s new - child psychologists, public health nurses – 100s of books, articles, radio shows focus on how to raise children well Trend to permissiveness (from 1900s sternness) – for fear of harming child’s mental health

On a separate piece of paper I want you to write down 3-5 points describing what you see.

The Cold War and Canada Mrs. Helmer - JHSS

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR After being Allies during WWII, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. soon viewed each other with increasing suspicion Their political differences created a climate of icy tension = THE COLD WAR The Cold War would dominate global affairs from 1945 until the breakup of the USSR in 1991

SUSPICIONS DEVELOPED DURING THE WAR ISSUES Even during the war, the two nations disagreed on many issues The U.S. was furious that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had been an ally of Hitler for a time Stalin was upset that the U.S. had kept its development of the atomic bomb a secret

Man in the Mask In September 1945, Igor Gouzenko, a Russian clerk at the Soviet embassy in Ottawa left with several documents hidden under his clothes, proving there was a soviet spy ring in Canada - His discovery helped ignite the Cold War in Canada Gouzenko, tried to take the documents to the Ottawa Journal to convince the newspaper of the Soviet Spies’ experience. No one listened to him until Soviet spies broke into his apartment. His documents showed that there were Soviet spies operating in Canada

Gouzenko Continued… The spy ring was likely trying to discover the secrets of the atomic bomb, but the Soviets had learned very little During WWII the US and the Soviet Union were allies Once the war was over, tensions between the two countries surfaced, and they soon became openly hostile to one another (US and USSR)

The Cold War With the celebration of the end of WWII, Canadians realized that they were going to be involved in another type of war The military strength of Soviet Union and the US made them superpowers each capable of massive destruction However, they did not fight a direct war with one another.

Introduction Continued… Canada aligned itself with the US The basis of the Cold War lay in the different views that the US and the USSR had both politically and economically: The Soviets were Communist The US were Capitalists/Democratic This rivalry was known as the COLD WAR because it did not erupt into an open war, but it lasted over 40 years.

Underlying Causes of the Cold War 1. Ideology – There were 2 opposing systems of government 2. Economic – The US wanted free trade on a global scale, the USSR feared that trade in the West would encourage a western influence and erode their strength (USSR scared) 3. Power Rivalry – After WWII power was largely shared between the USSR and the US, as one wanted to dominate over the other conflicts arose = (power struggle between US and USSR)

As a class… What are the differences between communism and capitalism? GAME TIME! (Rock Paper Scissors) Capitalism Land and capital ($) – are privately owned Economic activity is regulated by buyers and sellers in a market economy Consumers are free to spend their income as they wish Government intervention is minimal – competition is key

Communism Property is owned by the community rather than by the individual Seeks to establish a classless society with all people economically and socially equal Government intervention should be minimal or non- existent

United States Soviet Union Capitalistic - private citizens control almost all economic activity. Communist - the state controlled all property and economic activity. People elect the president and congress from competing political parties. The Communist Party establishes a totalitarian government with no opposing parties. Angry with Stalin because he used to be an ally with Adolf Hitler.  Stalin only supported the allies after Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. Stalin resented the Western Allies' delay in attacking the Germans in Europe.  He thought the attack would draw Germans away from the Soviet Union. Wanted to create a new world order in Europe after WWII, in which all nations had the right to self-determination. Encouraged communism in other countries as a part of the worldwide struggle between workers and the wealthy. Wanted to rebuild European governments to ensure stability and create new markets for American goods. Wanted to control Eastern Europe to balance U.S. influence in Western Europe. Looked to reunite Germany, believing Europe would be more secure if Germany were productive. Looked to keep Germany divided and weak so that it would never again threaten the Soviet Union. Gain Access to raw materials and markets in Europe for its industries. Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe's industrial equipment and raw materials.

Western countries were suspicious of communism and the Soviet Union was worried that the Western countries would try to invade their territory, through Europe via East Germany = The Red Scare The USSR took over the countries in Eastern Europe and establish a communist government there… The “Red Scare” was justified!

1949 – Communists took over China The US took drastic measures to stop the spread of communism and put US Senator Joseph McCarthy in charge Anyone suspected of being a communist or associating with one, could be persecuted, fired and black listed. = McCarthyism HUAC = The House Committee on Un-American Activities McCarthyism is the politically motivated practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. The term specifically describes activities associated with the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s and characterized by heightened fears of communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. Originally coined to criticize the anti-communist pursuits of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, "McCarthyism" soon took on a broader meaning, describing the excesses of similar efforts. The term is also now used more generally to describe reckless, unsubstantiated accusations, as well as demagogic attacks on the character or patriotism of political adversaries.

Look at this photo and what do you notice? What do you see in this picture? On which side of the barrier is there a man with a machine gun? The man looking under the barrier is British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.  Why would he be looking under this barrier? Where do you think this barrier is located? Why is there a barrier between these two areas? Why would the train tracks end at this barrier? Notice how the barrier hangs much like a shower curtain and it is also studded.  What do you think that this barrier represents?

CHURCHILL: “IRON CURTAIN” ACROSS EUROPE Europe was now divided into two political regions; a mostly democratic Western Europe and a communist Eastern Europe In a 1946 speech, Churchill said, “An iron curtain has descended across the continent” The phrase “iron curtain” came to stand for the division of Europe Churchill, right, in Fulton, Missouri delivering his “iron curtain” speech, 1946

What is the Iron Curtain? Video clip - speech from Winston Churchill

The Truman Doctrine March 12, 1947 – President Truman created the Truman Doctrine This was a policy of the US to free people were resisting being overthrown by outside pressure. For example it was first used in Greece and Turkey in the late 1940’s and vowed to provide aid (money & military supplies) $400 million had been given to Greece and Turkey The US would provide economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent the USSR from taking them over

Satellite States? This was a concept established during the Cold War The 6 countries mentioned previously controlled by the Soviet Union were known as satellite states The Soviet Union had complete control over the satellite states.

The Division of Germany

-1961 – communists controlled East Germany and they built a wall around West Berlin -They wanted to keep East Berliners in and West Berliners out -The Berlin Wall was a powerful symbol of the Cold War and tensions divided the East and the West

The Division Of Germany Berlin was divided into 4 sections as a result of post-war agreements (Germany divided into 2) Berlin was in the Soviet portion of Germany, the Western countries were permitted access through East Germany But only on specific highways, railways and corridors

The Berlin Blockade *** Take out your events chart! *** Western powers introduced a new currency into East Germany – Soviets refused to have this in Berlin So…the Soviets decided to create a blockade, blocking the transportation corridors, so that supplies could not be sent to Berlin

The Berlin Airlift The Western countries (including Canada) decided to counter the blockade with a massive airlift = Transfer of supplies Supplies were being transferred for 15 months by air Every 2 minutes a plane landed in Berlin with supplies In the end, the Soviets realized the blockade was not working

The Cold War at Home 1949 – the leader of the Conservative Party tried to make the spread of communism or the “red menace” or the Red Scare the term used to describe the communists an issue Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent refused to outlaw communism, such tactics were of dictatorships and not democracies Some Canadians feared the spread of Communism

The Cold War at Home Anyone who was suspicious may have been dismissed for no apparent reason The RCMP looked out for anyone that they feared may be a problem The Padlock Law – was used to shut down suspicious organizations 1951 – a bridge collapsed in Trois – Rivieres and the communists were blamed for sabotage.