The Human Body GPS Standards S7L2c: Explain that cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into systems, and systems into organisms, S7L2d: Explain that tissues, organs, and organ systems serve the needs cells have for oxygen, food, and waste removal, S7L2e: Explain the role of the major organ systems in the human body. Power point presentation edited from: http://www.stcsc.edu/anatomy/210/Chapter%201.ppt#50

What are Anatomy and Physiology? Anatomy – the study of the structure of the body and the relationships of the various parts of the body. Physiology – the study of the functions of the parts of the body, includes specific organ systems.

Levels of Structural Organization Chemical – atoms combine to form molecules Cellular – molecules interact to make up cells Tissue – cells are grouped into tissue Organ – tissues compose organs Organ system – organs function together to form organ systems Organism (individual) – made up of the organ systems (S7L2c)

Levels of Structural Organization Atoms Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Types of Tissues Your body has 4 types of tissues: Epithelial – covers and protects (skin) Connective – joins, supports, protects, insulates, nourishes & cushions organs Muscle – cells that can contract and relax to produce movement Nervous – sends electrical signals throughout the body (brain, nerves, sense organs)

Necessary Life Functions I Respiration – oxygen is taken in from the environment and transported to all cells in the organism for use at cellular level Digestion – breakdown of ingested food to provide glucose and other nutrients to all cells in the organism for use at the cellular level Excretion – removal of wastes from the body Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them

Necessary Life Functions II Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body Reproduction – cellular and organism levels Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells Organism – sperm and egg cells unite to make a whole new person Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism

(S7L2d) What a Body Needs…… Remember what we learned earlier? C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + energy Oxygen and Food (glucose) are required by the body and used to make ATP in the Mitochondria. ATP is a molecule that stores energy in a form that cells can use. CO2 and water are produced as waste which must be removed. The systems in the body work together to provide food and oxygen for cellular respiration and to remove the waste that is produced. (S7L2d)

(S7L2e) Organ Systems There are 11 major organ systems: Integumentary Muscular Skeletal Cardiovascular Nervous Lymphatic Digestive Endocrine Respiratory Urinary Reproductive (S7L2e)

Organ Systems Integumentary system Forms the external body covering Composed of skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D

Organ Systems Skeletal system Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments Protects and supports body organs Provides the framework for muscles Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals

Organ Systems Muscular system Composed of muscles and tendons Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat

Organ Systems Cardiovascular system Composed of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body

Organ Systems Lymphatic system Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream Houses white blood cells involved with immunity

Organ Systems Respiratory system Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Organ Systems Digestive system Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and liver Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

Organ Systems Urinary system Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood

Organ Systems Endocrine system Provides for control of long term processes including fluid balance, growth, development Composed of glands that produce hormones Includes pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and thymus glands, as well as pancreas and reproductive organs

Organ Systems Nervous system Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves Is the fast-acting control system of the body Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

Organ Systems Sensory Organs Ability to sense changes in the environment Includes skin, eyes, ears, nose & tongue Vision, touch, hearing, smell & taste

Organ System Interrelationships The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems

Additional Resources How the Body Works Website: https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/htbw/ Human Anatomy Online: http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html Enchanted Learning Handouts http://www.enchantedlearning.com/label/anatomy.shtml