1. Body Systems
Kline

2. Integumentary System External covering of the body (skin)
Waterproofs body
Cushions/Protects internal tissues
Excretes salts/urea in perspiration
Regulates body temp
Contains temp, pressure, and pain receptors

3. Skeletal System Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
Supports body
Framework for attached muscles to cause movement
Protects internal organs (like the brain and rib cavity)
Hematopoiesis – formation of blood cells, takes place within the skeletal cavity
Hard substance of bones stores minerals (like calcium)

4. Muscular system Muscles contract or shorten to provide movement
“Machines” of the body
Skeletal muscles provide movement and are distinct from other muscles like the heart and hollow organs (like one the move blood, urine, food, etc.)

5. Nervous System The bodies control system
Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
The body reacts to external stimuli (sound, light, heat)
The body reacts to internal stimuli (decreased oxygen levels, amount of nutrients)
Body must react to stimuli with electrical signals called nerve impulses
Body responds by activating appropriate body effectors

6. Endocrine system Produces hormones and releases them into the blood
Endocrine glands – pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes
Endocrine glands are not all connected, they just share the same function, which is they all secrete hormones

7. Cardiovascular system
Includes heart and blood vessels
Uses blood to transport fluid carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances
Blood contains White Blood Cells (WBC) to protect against bacteria, viruses, toxins, and other invaders
Blood is pumped out of the heart to the tissues of the body

8. Lymphatic system
Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils
Returns leaked fluid from blood back to the blood system so that the blood can continue to circulate throughout the body
Lymph nodes clean blood
House cells involved in immunity

9. Respiratory system
Supplies the body with oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide
Includes nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Lungs contain tiny air sacs (alveoli) that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

10. Digestive System
A long tube that runs through the body from mouth to anus
Includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum
Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, excretes waste
Foods are broken down from the mouth to the small intestines
Large intestine reclaims water
Liver produces bile that breaks down fats
Pancreas produces digestive enzymes for small intestine

11. Urinary system Removes wastes created by the body
Waste containing nitrogen (urea and uric acid) result from the break down of proteins and nucleic acids
Nitrogen is removed through urine
Also called the excretory system
Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Maintains the body’s water and salt (electrolyte) balance
Regulates pH of blood

12. Reproductive System Exists to produce offspring Testes – sperm
Other male organs – scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system
Ovaries – eggs
Other female organs – uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
Uterus – site of fetal development