1. The Amazing Human Body
Vitruvian Man
Leonardo da Vinci

2. The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
Study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Anatomy—Levels of Study
Gross anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Figure 14.1

4. Anatomy—Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4c–d

5. Check For Understanding
Why would it be difficult to study and understand physiology without a good understanding of anatomy?

6. Answer
Structure dictates function, and a change in structure will alter function

7. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1

8. Levels of Structural Organization
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 1

9. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 2

10. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 3

11. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 4

12. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 5

13. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 6

14. At which level of structural organization is the stomach?
Did You Get It?
At which level of structural organization is the stomach?

15. Answer
Organ Level

16. At which level of structural organization is a glucose molecule?
Did You Get It?
At which level of structural organization is a glucose molecule?

17. Answer
Chemical Level

18. Organ System Overview Integumentary
Forms the external body covering (boundaries)
Protects deeper tissue from injury (heart outside skin)
Helps regulate body temperature (dissipation)
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors (125mph)
Figure 1.2a

19. Organ System Overview Skeletal
Protects and supports body organs (heart inside ribs)
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Integration
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b

20. Organ System Overview Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture
Produces heat
Figure 1.2c

21. Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Homeostasis
Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2d

22. Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Figure 1.2e

23. Organ System Overview Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Figure 1.2f

24. Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g

25. Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Sometimes Cardio-vascular and Respiratory systems are combined and termed Cardio-Respiratory because they are SO important to each other
Figure 1.2h

26. Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i

27. Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j

28. Organ System Overview
Reproductive
Produces offspring
Figure 1.2k–l

29. Did You Get It?
Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi?

30. Answer
Respiratory System