Psychology: An Introduction Benjamin Lahey 11th Edition Slides by Kimberly Foreman 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Motivation and Emotion Chapter Eleven: Motivation and Emotion 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Motivation and Emotion internal state that activates and gives direction to our thoughts Emotion: positive or negative feelings that are accompanied by physiological arousal and characteristic behavior 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Primary Motives: Biological Needs Homeostasis: body’s need to maintain a certain level of essential life elements - homeostatic mechanisms 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Primary Motives: Biological Needs (cont.) Hunger: - the regulation of food intake - hypothalamus - lateral hypothalamus - feeding system - initiates eating 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Primary Motives: Biological Needs (cont.) Hunger (cont.): ventromedial hypothalamus - satiety system - stops eating - if destroyed, hyperphagia 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Primary Motives: Biological Needs (cont.) Hunger (cont.): - paraventricular nucleus: - stomach contractions - blood-sugar levels - body fat levels: - leptin - metabolism 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Primary Motives: Biological Needs (cont.) Body weight and the “set point”: - specific hungers - psychological factors in hunger - incentives 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Primary Motives: Biological Needs (cont.) Thirst: - the regulation of water intake Biological regulation of thirst: - mouth dryness - cell fluid levels: - pituitary gland - antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - total blood volume: - angiotensin 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychological Motives Stimulus motivation: - seeking novel stimulation - inborn motive - optimal arousal theory: - optimal level of arousal - reticular formation Yerkes-Dodson law 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychological Motives (cont.) Achievement motivation: - mastery goals - performance-approach goals - performance-avoidance goals 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychological Motives (cont.) Solomon’s opponent-process theory of acquired motives: every state of positive feeling is followed by a contrasting negative feeling, and vice versa any feeling (either positive or negative) that is experienced many times in succession loses some of its intensity 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychological Motives (cont.) Opponent-process theory of motivation 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychological Motives (cont.) Motivation: - intrinsic motivation: motivation through an inherent nature of the activity - extrinsic motivation: - motivation that is external to the activity 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Psychological Motives (cont.) Maslow’s hierarchy of motives: if lower needs in the hierarchy are not met, then higher motives will not operate 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Sexual Motivation and Sexuality Sexual response cycle: - excitement phase - plateau phase - orgasmic phase: - orgasm - resolution phase: - refractory period 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Sexual Motivation and Sexuality (cont.) Similarities of sexual motivation to other primary motives: - hypothalamic control - role of external stimuli - role of learning - role of emotions 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Sexual Motivation and Sexuality (cont.) Differences between sexual motivation and other primary motives: - survival value - increases and decreases in arousal - role of deprivation - decreases in energy 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Sexual Motivation and Sexuality (cont.) Hormones and other biological factors in sexual behavior: nonhumans vs. humans influences during ovulation patterns of sexual behavior 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Sexual Motivation and Sexuality (cont.) Sexual orientation: - heterosexual - homosexual - bisexual Stigmatization, stress and sexual orientation 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Sexual Motivation and Sexuality (cont.) Sexual orientation (cont.): - origins of sexual orientation: - genetic factors atypical levels of some sex hormones during prenatal development - older male sibling(s): - due to lower levels of prenatal testosterone hypothalamus and other brain structure differences in men and women 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Three theories of emotion: Emotions Three theories of emotion: - James-Lange theory of emotion - Cannon-Bard theory - cognitive theory of emotion: - step 1: interpretation of incoming stimuli - step 2: interpretation of body stimuli - Schachter and Singer's classic study 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Emotions (cont.) The pursuit of happiness: - Does money buy happiness? - Does having friends and a romantic partner make you happy? - Does work make you happy? - Does religion make you happy? - Are some people inherently more likely to be happy? 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Aggression: Emotional and Motivation Aspects Freud’s instinct theory: - instinctive aggressive energy must be released in some way - catharsis - nonviolent - heavily debated 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Aggression: Emotional and Motivation Aspects (cont.) Frustration-aggression theory: - aggression is inborn - aggression is a natural reaction to the frustration of important motives - expanded to include anything aversive - e.g., pain to intense heat - periods of intense heat show increase in violence: - global warming concerns 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Aggression: Emotional and Motivation Aspects (cont.) Social learning theory: - Albert Bandura: people are only aggressive if they have learned that it is to their benefit to be aggressive - directly conflicts with Freud on the topic of catharsis 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Aggression: Emotional and Motivation Aspects (cont.) Cognitive theory of aggression: - 6 beliefs that foster violence and wars: - superiority - victims of injustice - vulnerability - distrust - helplessness - sanctions from God: - martyrdom 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Aggression: Emotional and Motivation Aspects (cont.) Violent youth gangs: - Ervin Staub (1996): incorporates elements of both the frustration-aggression and the social learning theories of aggression 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved