1. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 1 Motivation and Emotion 10

2. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 2 Definitions Motivation – internal state that activate and gives direction to thoughts –Biological: internal physiological state Internal factors and external cues Emotion – positive or negative feelings –Biological changes (physiological arousal) and characteristic behavior Motivation and Emotion

3. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 3 Primary Motives Biological needs –Food, water, warmth, safety, and sex –Homeostasis – biological thermostats regulated by homeostasis mechanisms Hunger – regulation of food intake –Hypothalamus (lateral, ventromedial, and paraventricular) Motivation and Emotion

4. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 4 Hunger Hyperphagia – no satiety center Normal hunger cues –Stomach contractions –Blood sugar levels - glucose helps regulate hunger; glucagon enters blood stream and no more hunger –Body fat levels – set point to reduce eating; increase cell metabolism Motivation and Emotion

5. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 5 Hunger Psychological factors –Maturation and learning by experience –Religious and cultural beliefs –Emotions –Incentives and rewards Motivation and Emotion

6. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 6 Thirst: Regulation of Water Intake Biological regulation: cues to hypothalamus –Mouth dryness –Cell fluid levels chemically signal pituitary gland and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) enters blood stream –Total blood volume affects kidneys Blood vessels contract Angiotensin released into blood Psychological factors in thirst Motivation and Emotion

7. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 7 Psychological Motives Desire for novel stimulation –Example: rat in T-maze seeks novel area Needs as related to one’s happiness and well-being Optimal arousal theory – need to maintain optimal level of arousal in nervous system –Linked to brain’s reticular formation and sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system Motivation and Emotion

8. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 8 Cognition, Language, and Intelligence T-maze like those used to study stimulus motivation in rats

9. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 9 Psychological Motives Arousal and performance –Yerkes-Dodson Law Affiliation motivation –All humans have need to be social –Theories on need for affiliation Need gained through learning experiences Affiliative behaviors positively reinforced Need for emotional comfort in trying times Motivation and Emotion

10. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 10 Cognition, Language, and Intelligence If arousal is too low, performance will be inadequate; if it’s too high, performance may become disrupted and disorganized. Yerkes-Dodson Law Low High Low High Low High Level of arousal HighLow Efficiency of performance Complex task Efficiency of performance Level of arousal Simple task

11. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 11 Achievement Motivation Psychological need to succeed in school, work, and other areas of life –Controversy on how individuals define success –Elliot and Church’s study Mastery goals (intrinsically motivated) Performance-approach goals (work harder to gain respect of others) Performance-avoidance goals (worker harder to avoid being looked down on by others) Motivation and Emotion

12. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 12 Motivation Theories Opponent-process theory of acquired motives (Solomon) –Craving diverse things results from Every positive feeling is follwed by contrasting negative feeling and vice versa Any positive or negative feeling experienced many times in succession loses its intensity (example: parachute jumping) Sees drug addiction and withdrawal symptoms in same way Motivation and Emotion

13. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 13 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic – motivated by inherent nature of an activity (ie: make oneself feel good) –Affected by how praise is given Extrinsic – motivation is external to the activity, not inherent (get a raise in pay) –Must be desired by the person to be a motivator Motivation and Emotion

14. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 14 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motives Human needs organized; arranged from most basic to personal and advanced needs Lower needs must be met first or higher needs cannot operate Exceptions to hierarchy –Cannot explain suicide bombers and martyrs Motivation and Emotion

15. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 15 Cognition, Language, and Intelligence Maslow’s hierarchy of motives Biological (food, water, sleep, sex) Self-esteem (accepting of self as you are) Safety (low risk of physical harm) Love and belonging (loving, being loved, social relationships) Self-actualization (ethics, philosophical and artistic expression)

16. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 16 Emotions Experiences giving color, meaning, and intensity to life –Darwin – inherent through natural selection (adaptation to survive and desire to reproduce) –Watson and Tellegen’s map of emotions Good way to organize – use of opposites Based on James’ flight or fight concepts Motivation and Emotion

17. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 17 High Positive Emotion Low Positive Emotion Low Negative Emotion Relaxed Sad Happy Sluggish Fearful Surprised Elated Angry High Negative Emotion Watson and Tellegen’s emotional map

18. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 18 Three Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory –Emotional stimulus processed and produced reactions, brain receives and produces emotions –Cannon’s criticisms People with severed spinal columns have emotions Visceral organs respond too slowly to stress Similar physiological reactions for many emotions Artificial stimulation of visceral organs produces no emotions Motivation and Emotion

19. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 19 Cognition, Language, and Intelligence James-Lange Theory of Emotion Conscious emotional experiences are caused by feedback to the cerebral cortex from physiological reactions and behavior. Stimulus Thalamus Bodily reaction Cortex Limbic system

20. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 20 Cannon-Bard Theory Cannon –Emotional stimulus process simultaneously in brain and autonomic nervous system –Emotional experience and physiological arousal are two independent events Motivation and Emotion

21. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 21 Cognition, Language, and Intelligence Stimulus Thalamus Limbic system Bodily reaction Cortex Conscious emotional experiences and physiological reactions and behavior are relatively independent events. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

22. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 22 Cognitive Theory Cognitive interpretation of emotional stimuli (from inside and outside the body) –Step I – interpretation of incoming stimuli –Step II – interpretation of body stimuli –Schachter and Singer’s classic study – how subjects cognitively interpret arousal under different circumstances Motivation and Emotion

23. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 23 Cognition, Language, and Intelligence Thalamus Limbic system Bodily reaction Cortex Stimulus Cognitive interpretation of events in the outside world and stimuli from our own bodies is the key factor in emotions. Cognitive Theory of Emotion

24. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 24 The Physiology of Emotion Lie detectors – polygraph test –Physiological measurements taken (sweating, blood pressure, heart and breathing rate, and muscle tension) –Based on guilty knowledge test –Good results but error rate too high to accept – banned in federal courts as evidence Motivation and Emotion

25. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 25 Role of Learning and Culture in Emotions Most believe basic emotions are inborn –Children born blind and deaf show normal emotional reactions Two ways culture affects emotions –Learning influences emotional expressions –Culture influences interpretation of different situations; reactions correspond accordingly Cultural differences are important Motivation and Emotion

26. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 26 The Pursuit of Happiness What makes a person happy?? –Little correlation between person’s income and happiness in affluent countries –People with many friends generally happier than those without friends; married tend to be happier than singles on average –Employment is major factor in happiness –Evidence mixed on religion’s link to happiness –Optimistic people are happier than pessimists Motivation and Emotion

27. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 27 Human Diversity Cultural differences in happiness –Clear differences in happiness Stable democracies and high incomes happier than those in other circumstances Collective societies (ie: Japan) less likely to exaggerate their level of happiness –Strong association between personality traits and happiness Motivation and Emotion

28. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 28 Aggression Very important topic –Animal species not as violent as humans –Humans commit intentional murders, family violence, child abuse, and other such acts –Complex phenomenon with both motivational and emotional aspects Motivation and Emotion

29. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 29 Aggression Freud’s instinct theory –Biological view – survival of the fittest –Man is predator with natural instinct to survive –Instinctual aggressive energy must be released – catharsis –Society’s should encourage nonviolent catharsis of aggressive energy (ie: sports?) Motivation and Emotion

30. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 30 Frustration-Aggression Theory Aggression is natural reaction to frustration –Frustration results in anger and aggression –Anything aversive increases likelihood of aggression Unusually high summer temperatures linked to rates of serious and deadly assaults Could global warming be linked to increased rates of serious and deadly assaults? Motivation and Emotion

31. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 31 Social Learning Theory Conflicts with Freud’s ideas –People learn by watching others’ behaviors and the consequences following those behaviors –Rewarding aggressive behaviors communicates success and they are likely to be imitated Concerns about violent materials in books, on television, and violent role models Aggressive punishment will not decrease violence but serve as a model to follow Motivation and Emotion

32. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 32 Cognitive Theory of Aggression Five beliefs that foster war and aggression –Superiority –Victims of injustice –Vulnerability –Distrust –Helplessness Motivation and Emotion

33. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 33 Violent Youth Gangs Long standing urban gang problem in U.S. –Staub combines frustration-aggression and social learning theories Problem begins at home; aggressive parent punishes and then gives up efforts on child Freedom to spend with gangs; child finds others rejected by family Aggressive gang redefine values and beliefs Gang encourages and rewards aggression Motivation and Emotion

34. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 34 The End 10 Motivation and Emotion