Introduction to Biochemistry HD https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpBAmzQ_pUE

“Chemical reactions underlie all physiological processes.”

Organic Compounds contain carbon covalently bonded large - macromolecules made by living things

sum of protons and neutrons Atomic Mass Atomic Number sum of protons and neutrons Number of protons Number of electrons is equal to the number of protons Atomic Symbol

C – C – C – C – C – C – - C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C

Carbon can bond to 4 other atoms and can form chains of carbon. These carbon chains are the backbone of organic molecules.

Types of Organic Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Basic Unit Macromolecule Most organic compounds are constructed of basic units repeated over and over. These units are monomers. Basic Unit Macromolecule

When 2 monomers combine chemically the reaction often releases water- condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis. Condensation of many monomers form a complex polymer. C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O12 + H2O + → H2O +

Basic Unit Macromolecule

When polymers must be broken down before the body can use them When polymers must be broken down before the body can use them. Adding water will accomplish this - hydrolysis reaction. ex: digestion C12H22O12 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → + H2O +

Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis Reactions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMTeqZLXBSo

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates C, H, O sugars, starches, cellulose, glucose used for energy C’s arranged in 5 and 6 sided rings

Basic unit = monosaccarides one ring C6H12O6 structural unit of others ex: glucose, galactose, and fructose

galactose converted to glucose by liver for use by body cells

Disaccharides have 2 rings ex: sucrose, lactose, and maltose

may have thousands of monomers Polysaccharides

Starch is a plant food storage molecule.

Glycogen Stored glucose in animals found in muscle and liver cells

Cellulose too large to be broken down by most organisms found in the cell wall of plants too large to be broken down by most organisms for humans, provides bulk for feces “fiber”

Carbohydrates Monosaccarides Polysaccharides

Lipids

Lipids C, H, O usually have a “backbone” of glycerol with 3 “legs” of fatty acids - monomers E” shape provide concentrated energy

Examples of Lipids Fats - pads organs Oils – water proofs skin Waxes – sticky trap

Phospholipids Found in cell membrane and organelles

Cholesterol Stabilizes cell membrane

Steroids Male and female sex hormones

Lipids Fatty acids Fats, oils, waxes

Saturated vs. unsaturated triglycerides or fats vs. oils!! Saturated: found in animals and is solid at room temperature Unsaturated: found in plants and fish; is liquid at room temperature

How enzymes work http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html