INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY THE MOLECULES OF LIFE (pp. 44-47) TEST Monday 9/25

IV. Importance of Carbon Cells are composed of 70-95% _____ most of the rest is carbon-based compounds water

A. Structure of Carbon 1. Atomic # 6: __ protons & __ electrons; __ in first shell & __ in second 2. Has 4 ________ electrons- so can make four ________ bonds 6 6 2 4 valance covalent

A. Structure of Carbon 3. Usually bonds with: _________________________________________________ 4. Can also form bonds w/other ________ atoms 5. Compounds with carbon-carbon bonds called _______ hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus sulfur, nitrogen carbon organic

macro=______, so these are _________ molecules B. Macromolecules macro=______, so these are _________ molecules large very large

1. Polymers many a. poly=________ b. these are large molecules made up of _______________ building blocks many similar or identical

2. Monomers a. mono= ____ b. are the ____________ or sub units of polymers one building blocks

3. Dehydration Synthesis Reaction that ____________ bonds two or more molecules together ______ is released as waste product covalently Water

4. Classes of macromolecules or also called Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

V. Carbohydrates A. Elements: _______, always a ____ ratio of H atoms to O atoms (2H:1O) B. Monomer: monosaccharide C. Function: immediate and _____ ________; building material C, H, O 2:1 stored energy

II. Carbohydrates D. Where found in body: bloodstream, liver; cell walls of _______________ E. Food source: _________________ plants & fungus sugar & starches

II. Carbohydrates Examples: 1. Monosaccharides: (__________) a. Simplest of all sugars b. 2 kinds 5-carbon monosaccharides Deoxyribose-Found in ____ Ribose- Found in ____ One sugar DNA RNA

II. Carbohydrates 6-carbon monosaccharides *Three kinds. All having the formula ______; known as _______. * ______ are arranged differently giving each molecule different properties. C6 H12 O6 isomers Atoms

II. Carbohydrates i. Glucose - preferred _______ _______ for most organism; including humans ii. Fructose- _________ found in some fruits iii. Galactose- one component of _____ energy source Very sweet! milk

Isomers

II. Carbohydrates Examples: Disaccharides: __________ ____ monosaccharides __________ bonded together sucrose- ____________: _________ lactose- ____________: __________ Maltose- ____________________ ________ Two sugars two covalently Table sugar glu + fru Milk sugar glu +galac Found in seeds, grains glu + glu

II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides covalently bonded together; two groups a. Storage Polysaccharides: long polymers of glucose; broken down for needed _________ energy

II. Carbohydrates 3. Polysaccharides: F. Examples: * Glycogen- Storage of glucose in _______ Stored in _______________ animals liver & muscles

II. Carbohydrates Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: *Starch- Storage of glucose in _______ Humans _________________ to glucose for energy plants CAN break down

II. Carbohydrates Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: b. Structural Polysaccharides: used for building materials

II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * cellulose component of _____ cell walls human __________________ important source of _____ in our diet plant unable to break down fiber

II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * Chitin Component of _____________ Component of insect and other arthropod ___________ fungal cell walls exoskeletal

VI. Lipids:______ compounds that are __________________ Non-polar waxy, Fatty or oily A. Elements: ______ many more H than in a carb. B. Monomer: glycerol & fatty acids C. Function:_____________; _________; _________ D. Where found in body: cell membrane; innermost layer of skin; surrounding some organs Food Source: _______________________ C, H, O, insulation energy storage cushioning butter, shortening, olive oil,

III. Lipids: F. Examples: 1. Fats & Oils a. all have 3 fatty acid tails b. fats _____ at room temperature c. oils ______ at room temperature solid liquid

III. Lipids: F. Examples: 1. Fats & Oils d. _________ fats- no carbon-carbon double bonds e. ___________ fats- at least one carbon-carbon double bonds f. __________ fats linked to heart disease Saturated Unsaturated Saturated

III. Lipids: F. Examples: 2. Phospholipids a. unique lipid b. found in every living _______________ cell membrane

III. Lipids: F. Examples: 3. Steroids a. used for ________ production b. used for ______ cell structure c. Ex. ____________ hormone animal Cholesterol

IV. Proteins C, H, O, N A. Elements: __________ B. Monomer: ___________ 1. only ___ different amino acids combine in different ___________________________ 2. All 20 are ________ except for a portion called the _______ Amino acids 20 Numbers, patterns, & arrangement identical R-group

IV. Proteins Proteins ______ important to its _______ & determined by interactions between R-groups a. Covalent bonds b. Ionic bonds c. Hydrogen bonds d. Van der Waals Forces- similar in principal to H-bonds; intermoleculear ___________ between _________ shape functions attractions non-polar

C. Function: support, structure, ___________________________ metabolism D. Where found in body: muscles, hair, skin, enzymes

IV. Proteins E. Food Source: __________________ F. Examples: 1. Enzymes a. ___________________ b. trigger chemical reactions c. could not maintain _____________ without them meats, peanuts, eggs Biological catalysts homeostasis

V. Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P A. Elements: ____________ B. Monomer: ___________ C. Function: genetic instructions & usable energy D. Where found in body: nucleus of cells E. Food Source: _______ Nucleotide none

V. Nucleic Acids F. Examples: 1. DNA- a. Deoxyribonucleic acid b. contains the ________ instructions for the cell genetic

V. Nucleic Acids F. Examples: 2. RNA- a. Ribonucleic acid b. __________ the instructions in DNA 3. ATP- a. Adenosine triphosphate b. provides _____________ for the cell carries out useable energy