The Enlightenment: Voltaire & Montesquieu What contributions do Voltaire & Montesquieu make to Western Democracy?

I. The Philosophes of France A. 1700s: The Enlightenment spreads to France B. French social critics known as the Philosophes, questioned absolute rule, believed reason should be used in all aspects of life C. Core beliefs: Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty II. Voltaire A. 1694-1778, born in France B. Voltaire is pen name, real name is Francois Arouet C. Believed in freedom of expression & civil liberties D. Wrote Candide E. Influences US Bill of Rights – 1st Amendment (freedom rights)

III. Baron de Montesquieu F. Voltaire used satire against his opponents in his writing G. He would make fun of the church, nobles & French Govt. (King) H. Saw his pen as a deadly weapon in a “thinkers war”, fighting for reason & freedom of expression I. Wanted to end intolerance, prejudice & superstition J. His most famous quote is “I don’t agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it”. III. Baron de Montesquieu A. 1689-1755, born in France B. Real name was Charles-Louis de Secondat C. Believed in separation of powers D. Wrote: The Spirit of Laws E. Influences US Constitution Articles I-III (Three Branches), idea of checks & balances

F. Montesquieu studied politics and government, concluded power held by one man is dangerous G. Argues Britain had best form of Govt – they used three branches H. Argues each branch should have separate powers and the ability to check each other (separation of powers/checks & balances) I. He wrote that “power should be a check to power” Question: Give at least four examples of how Voltaire & Montesquieu affect our society.

Satire