1. The Enlightenment

2. Essential Question
Why do you believe that this movement is called “The Enlightenment” and “The Age of Reason?” Give examples

3. MAIN IDEA- (Power and Authority) A revolution in intellectual activity changed Europeans’ view of government and society
WHY IT MATTERS NOW- The various freedoms enjoyed in many countries today are results of the Enlightenment thinking.

4. SETTING THE STAGE
Enlightenment: Intellectual movement where principles of reason and science are applied to:
Government
Religion
Economy
Education
Stressed the power of the individual to solve problems
Establishes the foundation for the birth of modern democracy

5. Divine Right
Absolute Monarchy

6. The French Philosophers
Social critics
Developed ideas, theories
3 Long Term Effects
Belief in progress of society through reason
Galileo and Newton ( ), applied reason to Science, provided confidence to apply reason to govt. and society
A more secular (non religious) outlook
Importance of the individual (individualism)
Jean le Rond d'Alembert

7. Enlightenment’s 3 Long-term Effects
Belief in Progress
Scientific revolution and its success provides confidence that human reason could solve social problems

8. Secular (non religious) outlook
Mysteries of the universe are no longer acts of God.
Scientific revolution provides mathematical explanations
Voltaire and others openly criticized organized Religion
Sought tolerance of all religions

9. Importance of Individual
People looked to themselves for guidance not church or monarchy
Reason determined what was right and wrong

10. Two English Views of Government
Thomas Hobbes
(1651) Leviathan
People are selfish/wicked and ambitious.
For security people give power to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order
Social Contract: people submit to authoritarian ruler to prevent disorder
Best government—Absolute Monarchy
**Established that govt. power comes from the people**(Direct Democracy)
Thomas Hobbes

11. John Locke (1690) Two Treatises of Government
People are reasonable, can learn from experience, and capable of governing themselves
Natural Rights: born with the rights to life, liberty, and property
Govt. duty is to protect the “natural rights” of the people
People have the right to rebel if govt. does not protect these rights
**Reinforced that power of govt. comes from the people not God**.
John Locke

12. Voltaire French Historian, wrote political essays
Emphasized that there needs to be a separation of church and state.
Also believed that man has the right to freedom of thought and expression
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it
Used satire to undermine opponents:
Monarchy
Aristocracy
Clergy
Voltaire

13. Montesquieu
Separation of Powers: divide govt. into 3 branches to safeguard liberty
Legislature: makes laws
Executive: enforces laws
Judicial: interprets laws
Influenced by British govt., would become known as “checks and balances” (U.S. Constitution).
**Kept any individual person or group from gaining total control.**
Baron de Montesquieu
“Power should be
a check to power”

14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Advocate of individual freedom
Social Contract: an agreement among free individuals to create a govt. and society that responds to the peoples will
Peoples conscience should dictate their vote
Jean-Jacques Rousseau

16. Warm Up
Montesquieu___ A) Believed there needs to be a social contract
between the government and its people
Voltaire____ B) Believed in separation of Power (Checks & Balances.
Rousseau____ C) Believed everyone person had Natural Rights”
John Locke____ D) Believed there needs to be a separation between church and State
Thomas Hobbes___ E) Believed people are selfish and wicked
What are some differences between John Locke and Thomas Hobbes? Explain their philosophies.
What were the three long term effects from the Enlightenment?
The scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment Stressed the importance of the ___________. No longer were they looking at the church or monarchy for answers