RELIGION and REFORM 1812-1860 Chapter 8 “How did the Second Great Awakening lead to several reform efforts, and what effect did those reform efforts have on American society?”

A Religious Awakening Section 1 HOW DID THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING AFFECT LIFE IN THE UNITED STATES? VOCABULARY: SECOND GREAT AWAKENING MORMON REVIVALIST UNITARIAN CHARLES GRANDISON FINNEY UTOPIAN COMMUNITY EVANGELICAL TRANSCENDENTALIST JOSEPH SMITH RALPH WALDO EMERSON HENRY DAVID THOREAU

Middle Class Reform REFORM MOVEMENT GOAL IMPACT PEOPLE INVOLVED Protestant Revivalism Individuals can reform themselves Faith gave purpose and courage to lead reform Charles Grandison Finney, Lyman Beecher Transcendentalism Spiritual discovery and insight would lead to truth more so than reason Led people to work at reforming society Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau Temperance Movement End alcohol consumption During mid 1800s, alchohol consumption drops sharply American Temperance Society, Abe Lincoln Educational Reform Improve Public Education By 1850’s most Northern States have free public elementary school Horace Mann Prison Reform Improve prison conditions Improve conditions, build mental hospitals Dorothea Dix

Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas

Transparency: Growing Interest in Religion

Map: Mormon Migrations 1830-1848

Religious Discrimination Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; Brigham Young leads the Mormans to Utah after Joseph Smith is killed Catholics – some Americans questioned the loyalty of these immigrants; some Catholics worked for low wages, taking jobs from other workers Jewish People faced discrimination, were barred from holding political office, and were ostracized.

Utopian Communities Small societies dedicated to perfection in social and political conditions New Harmony, Indiana – Robert Owen Brook Farm near Boston Fell victim to laziness, selfishness, and quarreling Shakers – no marriage or children

Map: Communal Societies Before 1860

Transcendentalists Believed that humans could transcend their senses to learn of the world Believed that individuals should listen to nature to learn the truth about the universe Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote Nature (1836); people could get closer to God through nature’ Henry David Thoreau wrote Walden, describing his experiences living near Walden Pond for two years

A Reforming Society Section 2 What were the main features of the public school, penitentiary, and temperance reform movements? Vocabulary: public school movement Horace Mann penitentiary movement Neal Dow Dorothea Dix temperance movement

Note Taking: Reading Skill: Understand Effects

Horace Mann School reformer from Massachusetts State board of education Proposed free public schools, required attendance, adequate school funding Fought to end corporal punishment

Mentally Ill and Prisoners Dorothea Dix visited prisons, alms houses, and hospitals Reforms in prisons Helped to establish mental hospitals in 15 states and in Canada Reforms for disabled people

Temperance Movement Effort to end alcohol abuse Many wanted prohibition Neal Dow helped pass the “Maine Law” Restricting the sale of alcohol

Political Cartoons: The Temperance Movement TRANSPARENCY Political Cartoons: The Temperance Movement

The Antislavery Movement Section 3 How did reformers try to help enslaved people? Vocabulary: freedman William Lloyd Garrison Nat Turner Frederick Douglas abolition movement Gag Rule

Antislavery Movement Abolitionist Movement The Roots Liberia Movement to end slavery The Roots Christianity Ending importation of slaves 1808 Slave Revolts Liberia American Colonization Society Radical Abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator

Note Taking: Reading Skill: Summarize

Transparency: African Americans in the South

Note Taking: Reading Skill: Contrast

William Lloyd Garrison Published a newspaper named The Liberator Advocated emancipation of slaves American Anti-Slavery Society had 150,000 members by 1840

Antislavery Movement Frederick Douglass North Star; Life and Times of Frederick Douglass Divisions Women participation Grimké Sisters Racial divisions White people could not understand desperation Underground RR Harriet Tubman Resistance to Abolitionism Opposition in the North Opposition in the South Gag Rule

Free African Americans By 1840 slavery had been outlawed in the North American Colonization Society (ACS) Formed to encourage free African Americans to move to Liberia, Africa 1,100 people from the U.S. migrated there

The Women’s Movement Section 4 What steps did American women take to advance their rights in the mid-1800s? Vocabulary: matrilineal Seneca Falls Convention Sojourner Truth Amelia Bloomer women’s movement suffrage Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Married Women’s Property Act

Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects

Chart: Political and Economic Status of Women in the Early 1800s

Tensions Between North and South Reform Movements produced Conflict between N and S – Why? Churches divide (N and S) over Antislavery movement – Why? Traditional roles for women and schools were revered in the South – Why? Southerners were offended by the Northern perspective of an immoral culture – Why?