1. Religious Awakening CHAPTER 4, SECTION 1

2. Second Great Awakening  The revival of religious feeling in the U.S. during the 1800s was known as the Second Great Awakening.  Many preachers believed that industrialization had caused immorality and wanted to correct this problem for the country’s future.  These preachers were known as revivalists, because they wanted to revive religion in the U.S.  The more emotional form of worship (evangelical) included preachers such as Charles Grandison Finney and Lyman Beecher.

3. New Religious Groups Form  Two major religious groups formed during this time period.  The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, led by Joseph Smith, started in 1830. They are known as Mormons.  Some Puritans in New England believed that instead of a Trinity, God should be seen as a single entity. This group was called the Unitarians.

4. Discrimination Against Non-Protestants  The Second Great Awakening was Protestant-dominated. Those that weren’t faced discrimination.  Mormons lived in their own communities and had many practices that others frowned upon.  They owned land as a group and voted as a group, giving them both economic and political power.  Mormons were pushed westward until they reached Utah.  Catholics and Jews were also discriminated against.  Americans feared Catholics’ loyalty to the Pope;  Their willingness to work for low wages threatened other workers;  Jews were prevented from holding public office in many states.

5. Utopias and Transcendentalism  Two new religious groups were more concerned with creating a more perfect society.  Utopian communities separated themselves from the rest of society and aspired to be perfect societies.  Shaker communities separated men and women and relied on crafts for money.  Transcendentalists developed a new way to look at God, humanity and nature.  They believed people should go beyond, or transcend, their senses to learn about the world.  Listen to nature and own consciences rather than religious doctrines.  Famous transcendentalist: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

6. The Women’s Movement CHAPTER 4, SECTION 4

7. The Women’s Movement  In the early 1800s, women had very few rights.  Upon marriage, the property a woman owned became her husband’s.  Goal: achieve greater rights and opportunities for women.  Leaders: Sojourner Truth, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Frederick Douglass  Women, who gained strength by working for other causes, realized they had very little rights themselves.

8. Seneca Falls Convention  In 1848, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized a convention in Seneca Falls, New York.  A Declaration of Sentiments, outlining the aims of the convention was read during the convention.  The language was modeled after the Declaration of Independence.  The convention inspired many women, including Amelia Bloomer, who pushed for reform in womens' dress, published a newspaper called The Lily.  Susan B. Anthony became a leader in the fight for women’ s suffrage– the right to vote.

9. Closing Question  What was the role of religion in the early 19 th century? What new religions emerged during this time?