Day 74: The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877 Baltimore Polytechnic Institute December 20, 2010 A.P. U.S. History Mr. Green

The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877 Objectives: Define the major problems facing the nation and the South after the Civil War. Describe the responses of both whites and African Americans to the end of slavery. Analyze the differences between the presidential and congressional approaches to Reconstruction. Explain how the blunders of President Johnson and the resistance of the white South opened the door to the Republicans’ radical Reconstruction AP Focus The Union victory is significant in transforming and diversifying the South’s production. It also represents the defeat of the planter-slaveholder and the continued rise of the industrial capitalist. In the aftermath of the war, especially in those southern states that reenter the Union under Johnson’s lenient plan, Black Codes again segregate and subordinate the South’s blacks. Organizations, such as the Ku Klux Klan and the Knights of the White Camellia, use violence and intimidation to deny blacks access to institutions, such as voting, that would improve their lives. Blacks are reduced to a form of slavery without chains, in that they are economically dependent and subservient to the owner of the land on which they are sharecroppers.

Chapter Focus Chapter Themes Johnson’s political blunders and Southern white recalcitrance led to the imposition of congressional military Reconstruction on the South. Reconstruction did address difficult issues of reform and racial justice in the South and achieved some successes, but was ultimately abandoned, leaving a deep legacy of racial and sectional bitterness. During Reconstruction, the Constitution was strengthened with the Fourteenth (citizenship and equal protection of the laws) and Fifteenth (black voting rights) Amendments, but it was also tested with the conflicts between the president and Congress that culminated in an impeachment process.

Announcements Decades Chart 1860’s-Due January 3 Focus Questions Chapter 22-Due January 3 Test on Wednesday

The Problems of Peace 1. How would the South be rebuilt? 2. How would liberated blacks fare as free men and women? 3. How would the Southern states be reintegrated into the Union? 4. Who would direct the process of Reconstruction? 5. What should happen to the Confederate leaders? Slave-owners lost some $2 billion in slaves “damnyankess”, “your government”

Rebel troops evacuating Charleston blew up military supplies to deny them to General William Tecumseh Sherman’s forces. The explosions ignited fires that all but destroyed the city.

Freedmen Define Freedom Emancipation followed the Union Army. Slaves were freed then re-enslaved, then freed, then re-enslaved Some displayed loyalty to plantation, others pillaged African-American churches doubled in size after Emancipation Whole communities moved together- Exodusters Education key to freedom-Education societies

The Freedmen’s Bureau Created on March 3, 1865 to address the transition to freedom Provide: 1. food 2. Clothing 3. Medical care 4. Education-blacks/white refugees Not all good-some collaborated with planters in removing blacks from towns or signing labor contracts with former masters

Johnson: The Tailor President Came from humble beginnings Served in the House and refused to secede when Tennessee did Supporter of states’ rights

Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln’s 10% plan a state could be re-admitted when 10% of the its voters from the 1860 Presidential election took an oath of allegiance to the U.S. creation of a formal state government Congress in 1865 Wade-Davis Bill: 50% needed to take the oath Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill in 1864 Johnson’s plan disfranchised Confederates with taxable property more than $20,000-except for pardons repeal ordinances of secession repudiate Confederate debt ratify 13th amendment

Homework Continue Reading Chapter 21 Prepare for 10 question reading check Test on Chapters 16-21 Study guide will be distributed on Friday for Wednesday’s test