Unit 2 1600-1750

Overview Conflict and compromise of Europeans and Native Americans New Colonies Slavery

THE BRITISH ARE COMING! THE BRITISH ARE COMING! Sort of… 1497 England’s first contact with the New World John Cabot Why they came: Sir Thomas More’s Utopia: mythical, perfect society like the Americas Tudor England was rampant with war and religious turmoil Enclosure Movement Population growth Mercantilism Religion Sponsored by king henry VII, searching for NW passage. Then silence for a century before establishing colonies Limited England in feeding its people because farms were turning to pastures for wool Increased by 1 million in 100 years Increasing the total wealth of a nation Guided pretty much all of Europe, benefitted whole nation, received gov’t ass’t Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther)-cant be saved by works John Calvin-predestination

English Reformation King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from Queen Catherine (Spanish wife) Church of England Queen Mary “Bloody Mary” restored England’s Roman Catholic allegiance Puritans-sought to purify the Church of England from all Roman Catholic practices Pilgrims-Separatists, of Puritan origin but sought complete separation from the Church of England Catherine of Aragon m. 1509 – 1533 Divorced Anne Boleyn m. 1533 – 1536 Executed Jane Seymour m. 1536 – 1537 Died Anne of Cleves m. 1540 Jan. – July Divorced Kathryn Howard m. 1540 – 1542 Executed Katherine Parr m. 1543 – 1547 Widowed Mary was daughter of Catherine of Aragon. Elizabeth was daughter of Anne Boelyn. Edward VI son of Jane Seymore, crowned age 9, died at age 15.

Queen Elizabeth “Good Queen Bess” or “Virgin Queen” Reign known as “The Golden Age” Last Tudor monarch Half sister of Bloody Mary and Edward VI Sir Francis Drake and the Spanish Armada Drake sailed around SA and raided the Spanish in Central America and California then claimed the land for England King Phillip II angry about raid and Protest support raided England but was defeated by Navy and storms.

Chesapeake Settlement

Jamestown 1607 Founded by Virginia Company of London Expedition led by Capt. John Smith Rocky beginnings Built in a swamp (malaria) Food shortages Conflicts with local Indians Founded with sole intent of making money Gold (not there) Greed of early settlers—”no work no eat policy” Nearly goes under Savior: tobacco

Early Tobacco John Rolfe 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. 1619 - Tobacco is profitable. 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

The Nature of Tobacco Requirements: Fertile soil (abundant) Large acreage plantations (abundant) Large labor supply (scarce) New population demographics Indentured servants “Headright” system Slave labor “Triangular trade” “Middle Passage”

Slavery in the New World Three Stages Slave ships left Britain carrying goods to trade African dealers kidnapped neighboring villages then sold them to captains. Middle Passage. In the West Indies the slaves are sold to the highest bidder Slave ships from Britain left ports like London, Liverpool and Bristol for West Africa carrying goods such as cloth, guns, ironware and drink that had been made in Britain. Later, on the West African coast, these goods would be traded for men, women and children who had been captured by slave traders or bought from African chiefs. Two thirds of the enslaved Africans, taken to the Americas, ended up on sugar plantations. Sugar was used to sweeten another crop harvested by enslaved Africans in the West Indies - coffee.

Quiz: A Blocks List three reasons that British colonies were established during the 1600’s (3 points) Who was Queen Elizabeth I and how did her reign encourage British settlements in the New World (2 points) Name four problems that the beginning of Jamestown had (4 points) What was the “head-right” system? (2 points) When did the African slave trade begin? (1 point) And when and why did it increase significantly? (2 points) TOTAL POSSIBLE POINTS: 15 * you get 1 point for writing your name and block on your paper

Quiz: B Blocks What religious, economic, and agricultural problems encouraged British exploration of the New World in the 1600’s? (3 points) Name the two main people who helped Jamestown survive as a permanent settlement. (2 points) When did the African slave trade begin (1 point)? And when and why did it increase significantly later on? (2 points) What did King Henry VIII establish? (1 point) Who were his two daughters? (2 points) and what did they do to encourage or impede British colonization in the New World? (2 points) What was mercantilism? (1 point) TOTAL POSSIBLE POINTS: 15 *You get 1 point for writing your name and block at the top of your paper

French Beginnings 1524 Giovanni da Verrazanno sailed for France to replicate Cabot’s mission (find NW Passage) 1534 Jacques Cartier-3 expeditions to St. Lawrence River Verrazzono followed north Carolina up to maine Cartier explored as far as Montreal-claimed area for France 65 years of dormancy

The Lost Colony (Roanoke) Present day Outer Banks, NC Funded by Elizabeth I August 17, 1585 initial colonists sent were later picked up by Drake on his return voyage 1587 John White leaves 114 colonists, returns for supplies Virginia Dare (White’s granddaughter) first English born in the New World 1590 White returned and the settlement was vacant Colonists didn’t want to stay because of bad relations with Croatan Indians. White was to tell England of their terror and ask for help. Spanish Armada and Anglo Spanish war impeded returning vessels John Smith inquired about Lost colony when Jamestown was settled and Chief Powhattan stated that he slaughtered all colonists

New England Settlements Virginia Company of Plymouth granted right to colonize from Potomac R. to Maine 1607 first colony in Maine-too cold 1620 Separatist aka Pilgrims led by William Bradford Mayflower meant to land south of the Hudson R. storms took it to Cape Cod, MA Shortly after Maine attempt the company went under.

Leadership in the Colonies Chesapeake: colonies had governors with dictatorial powers (Lord de la Warr, Sir Thomas Gates, Sir Thomas Dale House of Burgesses-1619, representative assembly 1624 London Company’s charter revoked taking away assembly King James I revoked all political rights 15 years later King Charles I restored the powers New England: Mayflower Compact-gov’t based on the consent of the governed Eventually bought out investors to gain autonomy

The French Return 1608 Samuel de Champlain est. trading post in Quebec French and Indians had lucrative fur trading Few Frenchman came which led to good relations with Indians Exploration spread through Great Lakes and valleys of Mississippi and Ohio Rivers 1673 Jacques Marquette explored Mississippi Valley 1682 Sieur de la Salle followed MS R. to its mouth French settlements were mostly trading posts rather than towns

Native Americans in Chesapeake Chief Powhatan-fierce chief of the native confederacy Frustrated by English raids killed livestock to make food scarce for early settlers Pocahontas-kidnapped by Sir Thomas Dale, Powhatan refused ransom. She converted to Christianity and married Rolfe “Rebecca” 1622 Indian Uprising-Opechancanough attacked, 347 whites died

1644 final Powhatan uprising Virginia Company of London had gone under-no gold in Jamestown 1624 King James I revoked the charter and Jamestown remained under king’s control until 1776 Survival of Jamestown was dependent on agricultural techniques learned from the Natives

The arrival of Africans to North America 1619 Dutch brought 20 Africans to Virginia in the first step toward slavery Colonists considered them indentured servants Indentured servitude remained until 1670’s when whites becaem scarce and expensive

New Netherlands Holland sent Henry Hudson in 1609 Trade with Iroquois (beaver pelts most popular) 1624 Dutch Trading Posts est. on Manhattan Island and present-day Albany Patroon system “unstable pluralism” Patroon-large land estates given to walthy men who transported at least 50 families to new netherlands. Those families became tenant farmers on patroons’ lands. Unstable pluralism-mixture of various Europeans and African slaces

Massachusetts Bay Company Joint-stock company charted in 1629 by Puritans (arrival 1630) King Charles I persecuted Puritans aggressively which eventually lead to a civil war John Winthrop-leader, believed they were the world’s model of Christian society General Court-representative assembly selected by “free men” “Complete Liberty to Stand Alone” Congregational Church https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=4ScZh2- QLOE Free men-adult male church members Minister John Cotton Congregational-chose minister and regulated affairs Accepted John Calvin doctrine Serious pious people “city upon a hill”

Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island Minister Thomas Hooker est. Hartford 1635 (CT) New Haven est. 1639 1662 Hartford and New Haven combined by royal charter to form Connecticut Minister Roger Williams (separatist) called for separation of state and church. Bought land from Narragansett and created Providence 1636 (RI) Anne Hutchinson Antinomianism Challenged gender roles, religious beliefs and social order Followers migrated to NH and ME after her conviction NH est 1679 Maine remained a part of MA until 1820 Williams-considered a heretic 1635-1636 took regue with Indians and boutght land from them to estb RI Hutchison-antagonized colony leaders, leaders had to undergo a conversion experience to be worthy of leadership. “hostile to the law”. MA leaders rallied to stop her. Winthrop put her on trial for heresy; embarrassed accusors with extensive theology knowledge.

The Pequot War King Philip’s War 1637 Pequot Indians and CT Valley settlers conflict English allied with Mohegan and Narragansett (rivals of Pequot) Captain John Mason set fire to Pequot stronghold killing hundreds Survivors were hunted and sold as slaves Puritan’s attempts at converting Natives Bible translated into Algonquian Villages created for converted Indians: 1,000+ by 1650 1675 Wampanoag Chief “King Philip” aka Metacomet tried to kill all whites 2,000 settlers died before King Philip was killed Competition over trade with the Dutch in New Netherland and friction over land Philip-whites aided by mohawks (womanoag rivals)

The Dominion of New England 1684 Massachusetts charter revoked King James II created a unified gov’t for all of New England, NY and NJ in an attempt to control the colonies- Dominion of New England Sir Edmond Andros (1686) head of Dominion 1688 England’s Glorious Revolution-King James II replaced by protestant daughter Mary and husband William. Andros was shipped back swiftly. 1691 charter of MA (and now Plymouth) was restored as a royal colony Dominion-abolished representative assemblies, alienated settlers Last roman catholic monarch

Salem Witch Trials 1692 several young girls claimed to be possessed and accused locals of witchcraft 150+ people were accused over several months Puritan Minister Cotton Mather intervened But not before 20 people were executed (19 hangings, 1 crushed) 9 yo Elizabeth Paris and 11 yo Abigail Williams convulsions, seizures, hallucinations

Maryland The king wanted more control over the colonies and charters to joint-stock companies slowed Proprietors were issued charters instead- Maryland was first. 1632 George Calvert, Lord Baltimore/Ceclius Refuge for English Catholics Act of Religious Toleration 1649 Proprietors owned colonies and responsible for it to the king similar to feudalism of medieval Europe. Less autonomy for colonists. But most insisted on self-government so it turned out much the same. More protestants than catholics came. Guaranteed polictical rights to all christians and allowed representative assembly Carbon copy of Virgina

The Carolinas 1663 Charles II restored to the throne Gave charter to 8 noblemen for lands south of VA to north of Spanish Florida Named after king Grew slowly because of feudal society NC grew as overflow of VA 1670 SC settled by Barbados planters; founded Charles Town (Charleston) and brought African slaves Father King James I beheaded after 20 year Puritan revolution

Pennsylvania and Delaware Refuge for Quakers 1681 William Penn sought charter from Charles II to pay debt owed to his father Penn advertised in Europe: generous land offers, representative assembly, and religious freedom Peaceful with Native Americans Delaware granted separate legislature by Penn Radical religious sect sprung up during English Civil War Believed all persons had “inner light” to commune with God, human institutions were unnecessar, placed little impo on Bible, pacifists declined deferement to social superiors, agressively denounced estb institutions. Governors were same for both

The 18th Century Molasses Act of 1733 Mercantilistic policies-constant drain of wealth from America, created shortage of money for American goods Paper currency was introduced-British blocked America’s population and economy grew regardless Germans began migrating: “Pennsylvania Dutch” Scots-Irish settled beyond frontier in Appalachians Could have been disastrous for MA merchants, declined to enforce strictly

Four Wars King William’s War 1689-1697: border raids by natives; Treaty of Ryswick Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713: 12 years of fighting France & Spain; Treaty of Utrecht King George’s War 1739: France & Spain again 1745 Louisbourg captured: all New-England army lead by W. Pepperrell captured French fortress; 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle exchanged fortress for land in India War of the league of augsburg, no major territory changes War of the spanish succession, gave Britain major land gains and trade advantages War of Jenkins’ Ear, american troops played active role

Georgia Buffer colony Lead by General James Oglethorpe Est. 1732 between Savannah and Altamaha Rivers Philanthropist trustees controlled colony with lots of rules For poorest of Great Britain

Great Awakening/Enlightenment Assignment: Groups will be assigned You will research either Great Awakening or The Enlightenment (assigned) You must include major figures, events, and ideas present in the movement you’ve been assigned. You will put together a smart board presentation to the class, with at least one image that represents your research

Presentation Grades 0-contributed zero work to the group presentation 1-contributed very little work 2-contributed some information, very little help during presentation 3-contribbuted during class but none outside of class, average presentation 4-contirbuted during and outside of class but some difficulty presenting/fielding questions 5-Contributed full effort, during and outside of class, gave excellent information during presentation Write your group members’ names (not yours) and score each of your members efforts.

The Enlightenment “Age of Reason” mid 1600s-mid 1700s Inspired American and French Revolutions by encouraging original thought, based on logic & science rather than religion Leaders: Isaac Newton, John Locke, Adam Smith, Jean Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson Ideas: natural rights, deism, separation of powers Major inspiration of writers of DOI, and Constitution

The Great Awakening Response to Enlightenment Movement 1720s-1740s Major leaders: George Whitefield, Wesley brothers, John Edwards, Thomas Hobbes Revival of religion, caused some splits in congregations Much more emotional; gave rise to New Light & Old Light followers (traditionalists) More emphasis on education than previous religious movements (Princeton, Rutgers, Dartmouth, Brown) Also encouraged American Revolution, calling for unity of Christians in colonies