Protestant, English and Catholic Reformations Chapter Five; Section Three and Four History Alive; Group Work

Martin Luther He was a monk and a professor @ the University of Wittenberg. Through the study of the Bible, he came to believe that humans are not saved through good works, but through their faith in God. Justification-By faith alone became his main teaching. The Bible became the only source of religious truth. 95 Theses On Oct. 31, 1517, he sent a list of 95 theses to his church superiors. They were an attack on the use of indulgences. Copies were printed & sent to all parts of Germany. Charles V declared in the Edict of Worms that Luther was an outlaw within the empire. Frederick of Saxony hid Luther and protected him.

Martin Luther New Religious Services He kept only baptism and communion from the other Catholic sacraments. Bible readings during each service. Preaching of the Word of God. Song His doctrine became known as Lutheranism, which became the first Protestant faith.

Martin Luther Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor (also known as Charles I, King of Spain) ruled an immense empire. He dealt with many troublesome issues: Poor health Rivalry with King of France, Francis I Led to a series of war that lasted about twenty years. Pope Clement VII had joined sides with France. Fragmented German States Charles V was forced to sign the Peace of Augsburg: Formally accepted the division of Christianity in German. States could now choose between Catholicism or Lutheranism.

Ulrich Zwingli Priest in Zurich, Switzerland. City council began a series of reforms. Relics were abolished. Paintings and decorations were removed from Church walls. Now only whitewashed. Service consisted of scripture reading, prayer,& sermons. War broke out between the Protestant & Catholic churches in Switzerland Zurich’s army was defeated and Zwingli was cut up and burnt. John Calvin was now the leader of Protestantism in Switzerland.

John Calvin Published Institutes of the Christian Religion. He, too, believed in justification through faith alone. Calvin preached predestination-God had determined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned. In 1536,Calvin began to reform the city of Geneva. He created a theocracy, which is a government ran by church officials.

John Calvin The Consistory was a court consisting of the elders and pastors, charged with maintaining strict order in the church caste and among its members. Offenses ranged from discussing false doctrine to moral issues, such as wild dancing and bawdy singing. Punishments ranged from being forced to attend public sermons to floggings. For the first time, men’s infidelity was punished as harshly as women’s. No tolerance for spousal abuse. John Knox stated that Geneva was, “the most perfect school of Christ that ever was on the earth since the days of the Apostles. Missionaries were trained in Geneva and then sent to all parts of Europe.

King Henry VIII King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, due to the fact that she could not produce a male heir to the throne. The pope was unwilling to grant this divorce. King Henry VIII turned to England’s own church courts. The courts granted his divorce and, eventually, the Act of Supremacy declared the King the head of the Anglican church.