FRONTIER CONFLICTS

TWO CULTURES CLASH Texans continue to move westward Resentment from Natives Way of life being destroyed, forced off land Fought back Federal troops withdrew at secession No defense of the frontier Settlers were easy targets

EARLY EFFORTS FOR PEACE Western boundary Red River to Rio Grande Clay to Uvalde counties 37 counties Raise militia companies Protect residents from Natives Comanches & Kiowas are greatest threat

EARLY EFFORTS FOR PEACE Some Comanches and Kiowas agreed to peace treaty with Confederate government Failed Government not able to provide the agency to maintain peace Some Natives did not feel bound to agreement Raids continued

FRONTIER REGIMENT Confederate militia provided little protection Lacked support and organization Frontier Regiment – created in 1861; nine companies, 1000 rangers; patrolled frontier line Under Colonel James M. Norris Natives pushed frontier line back 50 to 100 miles “Forting up”- Families seeking safety in family forts

CYNTHIA ANN AND QUANAH PARKER Quanah Parker – Comanche leader, opposed Anglo American settlement One of the most powerful leaders of his time Cynthia Ann Parker – Quanah’s mother Captured as a young child, raised by Comanches Wife of Chief Peta Nocona; three children

A SECOND FRONTIER FORCE J.E. McCord – took over Frontier Regiment 1863 Fixed system; helped but raids continued Militia didn’t have enough weapons or ammo Leadership was poor General James W. Throckmorton Took command of part of the militia

FIRST BATTLE OF ADOBE WALLS 1864; Comanches and Kiowas raided wagon trains supplying federal forces in New Mexico 300 federal Troops marched south to attack Troops set up at Adobe Walls – abandoned trading post More than 100 Natives killed/wounded Troops withdrew – burning Kiowas lodges on the way and destroying food supplies 1865; Comanches and Kiowas signed a peace treaty (remained peaceful until the end of the war)