Carbon Compounds Section 2.3 Page 45-49

Vocabulary Words Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic acid Protein Amino acid

Nucleic Acids Building blocks of DNA and RNA discussed in Biology B (Genetics) --phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base.

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Organic compounds Are compounds containing carbon atoms that are bonded to other elements

Are components of the compounds along with other elements.

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Organic compounds 4 principle classes found in living things (cells do not function without them) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Carbohydrates Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1 Are a key source of energy Are found in fruits and grains

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Carbohydrates Can be made of simple sugars Monosaccharides Ex: glucose & fructose Glucose is a major source of energy in cells

Monosaccharides—meaning one sugar Ex. Glucose (blood sugar)—which is the universal cellular fuel

Monosaccharides—meaning one sugar Ex. Glucose (blood sugar)—which is the universal cellular fuel

Glucose

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Carbohydrates Can be made of simple sugars Disaccharides Composed of two monosaccharides Ex: sucrose (aka table sugar) Made of glucose & fructose

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Carbohydrates Can be made of complex sugars Polysaccharides Composed of three or more monosaccharides Ex: starch (made of multiple glucose units)

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Polysaccharides Are examples of macromolecules Large molecules made of many smaller molecules

Macromolecules Many of the organic compounds in living cells are macromolecules, or “giant molecules,” made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules. Most macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization, in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together.

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Polysaccharides Some function as energy storehouses for living organisms Starch – made by plants from glucose molecules

Starchy Foods

Too large to pass through cell membrane; thus needs to be broken down to mono

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Polysaccharides Glycogen – made by animals from glucose molecules

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Polysaccharides Cellulose is a polysaccharide that gives support to plants, but is not digestible by humans

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Lipids Non-polar molecules that are not soluble in water Ex: fats, steroids, waxes, phospholipids, pigments (like chlorophyll)

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Lipids Are important to the structure and function of our cell membranes Phospholipids make up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes

These are shaped like an “E” with three fatty acids and a single glycerol molecule. Different neutral fats by different fatty acids (long chains of C), but glycerol is the same.

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Lipids Are important to the structure and function of our cell membranes Steroids include cholesterol which is found in all animal cell membranes

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Lipids Fats – lipids that store energy This is because bonds between carbon and hydrogen are full of energy so fats store large amounts of energy

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Lipids Fats A typical fat contains three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule Glycerol is an alcohol with three carbon atoms A fatty acid is a chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms bonded to them

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Lipids Fats Saturated fatty acids are chains of carbons bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Lipids Fats Saturated fatty acid Straight molecules that are usually solid at room temperature Ex: butter, lard, grease from meats

Animal fats are saturated (solid) and oils are unsaturated (liquid) Neutral fats represent the body’s most abundant and concentrated source of unusable energy.

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Lipids Fats Unsaturated fatty acid Carbon-hydrogen chains with double bonds between some carbon atoms Produce kinks in the chain

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Lipids Fats Unsaturated fatty acid Ex: plant oils, fish oils Usually liquid at room temperature

Some Lipid Containing Food

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Proteins Chain of molecules called amino acids that are linked together Type of protein is determined by the number, type and arrangement of amino acids present

Protein chain Formation

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Proteins Amino acids – Building blocks of proteins 20 different amino acids in proteins Each one has a unique structure

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Proteins Enzymes Proteins that cause chemical reactions Are catalysts (chemicals that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy)

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Proteins Examples… Collagen – most abundant protein in body (found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones) Antibodies – help fight against infection

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Proteins Examples… Hemoglobin – found in blood, carries oxygen from lungs to body tissues

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Nucleic Acids Are found in all cells Two types – DNA & RNA Are long chains of smaller molecules called nucleotides A, T, C, G in DNA A, U, C, G in RNA

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Nucleic Acids Are found in all cells Two types – DNA & RNA Are long chains of smaller molecules called nucleotides Nucleotides have 3 parts: Sugar, base, & phosphate group

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Nucleic Acids DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid 2 strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other Strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases (across the molecule)

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Nucleic Acids DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid Form chromosomes that give hereditary information to make proteins

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Nucleic Acids RNA – ribonucleic acid Single strand of nucleotides Used for cell function and making of proteins

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Nucleic Acids ATP – adenosine triphosphate Single nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups that store energy Main energy for cells – need ATP to function

Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things Nucleic Acids ATP – adenosine triphosphate When food is broken down in cells, some energy is stored as ATP and some is used by the cell