By applying the principles of modern genetics. How are new genetic characteristics introduced into an organism/population? By applying the principles of modern genetics.

Biotechnology Utilizes biological processes, organisms, cells or cellular components to develop new technologies New tools and products developed by biotechnologists are useful in Research Agriculture Industry Medicine

Genetic Engineering Possible because we share the same Genetic Code (A, T, C, G) Deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material Add one or more new traits that are not originally in an organism Taking specific genes from one organism and placing them into another organism GMO: Genetically Modified Organisms – generated through genetic engineering

Examples of Genetically Engineered Organisms/Products Human insulin – produced by genetically modified bacteria Plants resistant to some insects Plants that can tolerate herbicides (which kill weeds)

Techniques used to manipulate DNA Restriction enzymes Gel Electrophoresis DNA Fingerprinting Bacterial Plasmids

Restriction enzymes Enzymes used to cut DNA at precise locations- at a particular and specific nucleotide sequence DNA (very long molecule) must be cut into smaller pieces to study and work with it

Gel Electrophoresis Used to separate segments of DNA according to length After DNA is cut (with restriction enzyme), pieces are separated Solution of cut-up DNA is placed in a gel slab DNA (negatively charged), segments are pulled to the Positive end of gel slab Dye is used to see the DNA Small pieces move through the gel faster than large pieces The different length segments of DNA appear as bands or lines on the gel Scientists can use the pattern of bands to identify the location of a gene or used in DNA Fingerprinting

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DNA Fingerprinting Genome – complete genetic material contained within an individual organism(DNA sequence) Except for IDENTICAL TWINS, every person’s genome is unique. DNA Fingerprint- the specific patterns of bands produced by Gel Electrophoresis Used for Forensic Evidence & Family Relationships

DNA Fingerprinting

Bacterial Plasmids- Ex: Used to make HUMAN INSULIN Used to create recombinant DNA Bacterial Plasmids – tiny ring of DNA carried in the cytoplasm of bacteria Restriction enzyme cuts desired gene from a strand of “foreign” DNA (from a different organism that the bacteria from which the plasmid was taken) Circular Bacterial Plasmid is cut with the same Restriction Enzyme Piece of “foreign” DNA with the desired gene, is attached to the open ends of the plasmid DNA Plasmid and foreign DNA are bonded together for for RECOMBINANT DNA Plasmid can be reintroduced into bacterial cells Bacteria multiplies very quickly Thus, producing large amounts of the material/protein, etc. desired at low cost

Genetic Engineering Gene map Genome Human Genome Project Process of replacing specific genes in an organism in order to ensure that the organism expresses a desired trait. Gene map Shows the relative location of each known gene on a chromosome Genome All the genetic material in an organism Human Genome Project Mapping the DNA sequence of human genes

Cloning An identical copy of a gene or entire organism is produced May occur naturally or engineered. Pros: Organ transplants Saving endangered species Cons: May result in genetic disorders/ health problems

Gene therapy Scientist inserts a normal gene into an absent/abnormal gene Normal gene produces correct protein/enzyme Pros Eliminates the cause of the disorder Cons Can result in rejection of the injected genetic material

Stem cells Selective Breeding Inbreeding Undifferentiated cells Cells can become any cell Stem Cell Therapy Pros Replace cells/tissue Selective Breeding Method of artificially selecting and breeding only organisms with a desired trait to produce the next generation Inbreeding Crossing individuals who are closely related.

Hybridization Choosing and breeding organisms that show strong expression for two different traits in order to produce offspring that express both traits.

Genetic Engineering Replacing specific genes Taking a gene from one organism and placing them into another Ensure a desired trait Must know exact location of the specific genes Result: Transgenic Organisms GMO: Genetically Modified Organisms

Uses Plants Animals Bacteria (Recombinant DNA) Health benefits manufacture natural pesticides Higher nutrient composition (proteins, vitamins) Animals Larger faster growing disease resistant Bacteria (Recombinant DNA) Production of hormones (HGH) Production of Insulin, Factor VIII, TPA Health benefits Treatments/Cures for diseases/disorders

Selective Breeding Artificially selecting and breeding organisms with desired traits. Inbreeding Pros vs. Cons Generations later: desired trait gene more prevalent Examples: Most of our domestic animals Most of crops

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Selective Breeding Hybridization Choosing and breeding of organisms for two different desired traits. Offspring will possess both desired traits. Often between similar but different species. Offspring often hardier than parents.