1. Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetic Engineering

2. The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.
Genetics and Biotechnology
Gel Electrophoresis
An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis.
When an electric current is applied, the negatively charged DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel.
The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.

3. Gel Electrophoresis

4. Genome total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
DNA Tools
Genome total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.
Transgenic Tobacco Plant with Firefly gene

5. The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends
Genetics and Biotechnology
Restriction Enzymes
EcoRI-Restriction enzyme specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC.
The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends
DNA fragments cut by restriction enzymes can pair up and join with any other DNA fragments cut by the same enzyme

6. Genetics and Biotechnology
Recombinant DNA
The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.

7. Applications of recombinant DNA
Bacteria: used to produce hormones and antibiotics
Plants: made to be resistant to herbicides
Animals: replacement
of genes which cause
disorders (gene therapy);
cows could produce
medicine in milk

8. Genetics and Biotechnology
Transformation
Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.

9. Cloning
Cloning is an asexual form of reproduction. All the child's genes would come from a body cell of a single individual:

10. Dolly –1st clone

11. Genetics and Biotechnology
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a technique for copying a piece of DNA a billion-fold.
The process creates a chain of many nucleotides, and the chain is a strand of DNA.
Used in genetic fingerprinting

12. Genetics and Biotechnology
Transgenic Organisms
Biotechnology
Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.

13. Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans
Genetics and Biotechnology
Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Animals
Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research.
Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

14. Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Plants
Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.
Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest.
Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.

15. A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes
that cause human
diseases is called gene
therapy.
Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene.
Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.

16. Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology