1. DNA Technology

2. DNA strands are in base pairing. Adenine base pairs with .
DNA-Review
DNA strands are in base pairing.
Adenine base pairs with
Cytosine base pairs with

3. Importance Medicine-insulin Forensic sciences-solving crimes
Environmental sciences-pollutants
National security-genetic profiles of convicted felons

4. Examples of DNA Technology
Gel Electrophoresis (separate DNA molecules)
DNA Fingerprinting (images of sequences of DNA)
Transgenic Organisms (organisms that have undergone genetic changes, GMO’s)
Bacterial Transformations (insertion of a gene into a bacteria)

5. Gel-Electrophoresis “used to make DNA Fingerprints”
Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to visualise DNA on a gel where the DNA molecules are separated according to their size

6. Gel-Electrophoresis How does it work?
How it works:
Electricity is run through a gel medium
DNA is negatively charged and is attracted to the positive end of the gel
Smaller fragments move faster and therefore farther through the gel
Stains or dyes are used to view the bands

7. How does DNA Fingerprinting work?

8. DNA Fingerprinting What does the resulting gel tell a scientist?
Crime Scenes
Paternity Test
Organize DNA fragments to make it easier for scientist to study.

9. So how do get DNA into a gel? Restriction Enzymes
Special enzymes that can cut segments of DNA at specific locations
DNA “Scissors” into DNA fragments.

10. Dolly the Sheep

11. Cloning Process of producing similar genetically identical individuals
Happens in nature: organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.
Scientist will use cloning to create copies of DNA fragments, cells or organisms.

12. Transgenic Organisms
A transgenic organism contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the organism acquiring them through reproduction.

13. Transgenic organisms video
Clarification:

14. Why do GMOS get a bad rep?

15. Vitamin A deficiency most prevalent in Africa, can cause blindness.
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) – Organism that has had its DNA artificially altered to enhance usefulness.
Example: Golden Rice
Genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene, precursor of vitamin A.
Vitamin A deficiency most prevalent in Africa, can cause blindness.
Vitamin A deficiencies is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 each year.

16. How do you make a GMO????

17. Bacterial Transformation
This is a very basic technique that is used on a daily basis in a molecular biological laboratory.
What does it mean to transform something???? “Think change” “Think Genetic Change”
A process of an organism taking in foreign DNA and through this the foreign gene become expressed

18. Plasmid can be used to transform bacterial cells
Discovered in the late sixties and quickly realized plasmids could be used to make lots of copies of a desired gene.
A small circular piece of DNA (about 2,000 to 10,000 base-pairs)
Contains important genetic information for the growth of bacteria (GENES)

19. Bacterial Transformation video
How does this work?

21. Bacterial Transformation-Purpose
Technique: introduce a foreign plasmid into a bacteria and use bacteria to amplify the plasmid.
WHY DO THIS?? Make large quantities of copies .
Scientist use bacterial transformation to produce large amounts of proteins, like INSULIN!

22. Insulin-very important
Regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood all needed organs of the body.
A person who has diabetes has either Type 1 or Type 2.
Type 1: your pancreas does not make insulin
Type 2: your body does not use insulin properly, insulin resistance

23. Bacterial Transformation used to make insulin.
Insert DNA into Plasmid
Insert Plasmid back into bacteria
Plasmid will multiply
Bacteria will Reproduce
Bacteria Produce Proteins
Isolate the product

24. Genome
A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.
In humans, a copy of the entire genome—more than 3 billion DNA base pairs—is contained in all cells that have a nucleus. 6 Feet long.

25. Human Genome Project 2003
Determined the sequence of the human genome and identified the genes within genome.
As researchers learn more about the functions of genes and proteins, this knowledge will have a major impact in the fields
medicine
biotechnology
life sciences.

26. Human Genome Project Goals
Accurately sequence 3 billion DNA base pairs within the human genome
Find all of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 human genes
Find genes which define our phenotypes
Find genes whose alteration leads to disease

27. Gene Therapy-developed from the Human Genome Project!
Insert normal genes into cells
Replace missing or defective genes
Hopefully can correct genetic disorders.
Gene therapy is currently only being tested, on humans, for the treatment of diseases that have no other cures.

28. Example: Cancer, Leukemia
Patients white blood cells removed and treated with a virus
Genetically altered cells to seek a protein that sits on the surface of the cancer cells.
White blood cells returned to the patients
White blood cells attack cancer cells
26 experienced complete remission.