1. Chapter 13
Frontiers of Genetics

2. 13.1 Biologists have
learned to
manipulate DNA

3. Technology
The Application of scientific knowledge for human benefit

4. Past

5. Present

6. Biotechnology
Humans using other organisms for human benefit

7. Biotechnology
Past

8. Biotechnology
Present

9. Genetic Engineering
modification of an organism by altering its genetic material.

11. 13.3 Biologists can
genetically
engineer plants
and animals

12. The GMO Controversy Are genes inserted into plants harmful to humans?
“superweeds” produced from herbicide resistant genes
Engineered proteins different from natural proteins? Allergies?

13. genetic material from a
Transgenic
A GMO that has
genetic material from a
a different species

14. Genetically Modified Plants
Plants can be genetically modified to contain pesticides they don’t normally contain

15. Genetically Modified Animals
Goals (examples):
Sheep – better quality wool
Pig – leaner meat
Milk – produced with beneficial protein

16. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Organisms that have had 1 or more genes transplanted into their genomes, by scientists

17. B. Tools in Genetic Engineering

18. 1. Bacterial Plasmid A small circular piece of BACTERIAL DNA.
used to deliver a gene from one organism into a bacterial cell.

19. Plasmids can move in and out of bacterial cells

20. Bacterial enzymes that cut DNA “Molecular scissors” Sequence specific
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
Bacterial enzymes that cut DNA
“Molecular scissors”
Sequence specific
Sticky ends

21. Restriction Enzyme hugging the DNA

23. A Restriction Site

24. The region of broken H bonds are called Sticky Ends

25. 13.2 Biologists can
engineer bacteria
to make useful
products.

26. A. Recombinant DNA Technology
Combining genes from different sources – even different species – into a single DNA molecule

27. Gene Splicing
Pieces of DNA are “glued” together

28. Gene Splicing
a. Donor: organism that donates the desired gene. DNA is “cut out” with a restriction enzyme.

29. Gene Splicing
b. Restriction Enzyme: the same restriction enzyme is used to cut the donor DNA and the plasmid.

30. -Restriction Enzyme used on two different DNA molecules

31. -Complimentary sticky ends are created

32. The plasmid and the donor gene must be cut with the same restriction enzyme.

33. Gene Splicing
c. Plasmid: Circular piece of DNA found only in bacteria.
Plasmid is cut with the same restriction enzyme at the donor DNA

34. Gene Splicing
d. Splice: Complimentary sticky ends of the 2 different DNA are connected using the enzyme ligase.

36. Gene Splicing
This results in the formation of a new plasmid, called a recombinant plasmid.

37. Gene Splicing
e. Host Cells: Cells that the recombined plasmids are placed in.

38. Useful Products From Genetically Engineered Microorganisms:
1. pesticides
2. therapeutic drugs
3. insulin
4. growth hormone

39. The plasmid, with its new gene, is taken up by a “host” bacterial cell.
Host cell

40. The plasmid is taken into a host cell where it produces a product
and replicated when the cell divides.

41. Gene Splicing
f. Vector: Carries the new gene into the receiving cell (ie. plasmid, virus)

42. Gene Splicing Pieces of DNA are “glued” together Plasmid Donor
Recombined DNA
Host

43. B. Cloning Making a genetically identical copy of an organism.
Mitosis forms clone cells

44. a. Unicellular Cloning
Making exact copies of an organism by the process of mitosis.

45. An easy way to make exact copies of valuable plants
Plant Cloning -
An easy way to make exact copies of valuable plants
b. Multicellular Cloning

46. Animal Cloning
nucleus from the desired animal is used to make genetically identical clones.
surrogate animals are used in the process.

48. C. Mass Producing DNA

49. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Technique that makes many copies of a DNA segment without using living cells

50. PCR step 1 – “Melt” the DNA
The H-bonds are broken

51. PCR step 2 – Add primer
Small segments of DNA

52. Polymerase adds more bases.
PCR step 3 - Replication
Polymerase adds more bases.

53. PCR amplifies the amount of DNA Times as much as original
Cycle #
Formula
Times as much as original 1 21 2 22 4 3 23 8 40
240
1.1 x 1012

54. D. Comparing DNA

55. Electric attraction is used to sort the cut pieces of DNA.
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA is cut with restriction enzymes.
Electric attraction is used to sort the cut pieces of DNA.

56. Gel Electrophoresis Separation of pieces of DNA is based on size.
Small pieces move faster than large pieces.

57. The Gel is a soft material that is mostly water.
Positive Charge
Negative Charge
The Gel is a soft material that is mostly water.
DNA has a net negative charge

58. Wells – different samples of DNA are placed in each well.
Negative Charge
Wells – different samples of DNA are placed in each well.
Positive Charge

59. Negative Charge Positive Charge
The DNA fragments are pulled through the gel toward the positive electrode.
Smaller fragments travel faster than large fragments.
Positive Charge

60. Negative Charge 1 2 5 6 7 8 3 4
The DNA fragments move in straight lanes toward the positive end of the gel.
Positive Charge

61. Lane one has a sample of DNA with fragments of known sizes.1
Lane one has a sample of DNA with fragments of known sizes.
The fragments are measured using the unit called kilobases.

62. This lane has DNA taken from the crime scene.

63. Which lane(s) shows DNA from the same person?
Positive Charge
Negative Charge 1 2 5 6 7 8 3 4
Which lane(s) shows DNA from the same person?

64. DNA Fingerprinting
A specific banding pattern is produced by gel electrophoresis

65. Place the following steps in the correct order for completing a DNA Fingerprint using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis
Small sections of DNA move faster to the positive side of the gel plate than large sections
Place DNA samples in wells of gel plate
Compare banding patterns of DNA Fingerprints
Apply Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to DNA samples to make more of the sample
Apply electric current to gel plate
F. Use Restriction Enzymes on the DNA

66. Answer
Apply Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to DNA samples to make more of the sample
Use Restriction Enzymes on the DNA samples
Place DNA samples in wells of gel plate
Apply electric current to gel plate
A. Small sections of DNA move faster to the positive side of the gel plate than the large sections
C. Compare banding patterns of DNA Fingerprints

67. E. Stem Cell
Technology

68. 13.5 Control
mechanisms
switch genes on
and off

69. Cellular Differentiation
The changes that a cell undergoes as it becomes more specialized.

70. Cellular Differentiation
A particular cell will only express genes that code for proteins with functions in that cell…

71. Differentiation is controlled by the genes of the embryo.

72. Where would the
glycolysis enzyme
gene need to be active?

73. transparent protein gene
Where would the
transparent protein gene
need to be active?

74. Where would the
insulin gene need
to be active?

75. Where would the
hemoglobin gene need
to be active?

77. have the potential to develop into various types of cells
Stem Cells
have the potential to develop into various types of cells

78. Consider the genes of a zygote…

79. A zygote has all of the genes for all of the traits of an organism.

80. Are all of the genes available for use even in a mature individual?

81. Development

82. During embryonic development _____________increases and _______________ decreases.

83. During embryonic development differentiation increases and _______________ decreases.

84. During embryonic development differentiation increases and nuclear potency decreases.

85. Embryonic STEM CELLS
are
Pluripotent Cells

86. Nuclear (DNA) Potency pto – permanently turned off. Totipotent
Genes pto
Use
Example
Totipotent
None
Can develop into a complete organism plus placental
Zygote
Pluripotent
A few
Can give rise to most tissues.
EmbryonicStem cells
Multipotent
Many
Can perform the tissue’s function.
Specialized tissue cells
pto – permanently turned off.

87. Human Blastocyst
Hollow ball of cells
Inner mass of cells
Stem cells