1. Genetic Technology

2. Applied Genetics Breeding
selective – selecting plants / animals with certain desired traits & breeding to pass those traits on (increases frequency of desired alleles)
inbreeding – creates homozygous offspring (eliminates some undesired traits, but makes some more common)
hybrids – bigger & better (plants)
test crosses – “unknown” X “known” (used to determine the genotype of an organism)

3. Recombinant DNA Technology
Genetic Engineering
involves cutting DNA from one organism and inserting into the DNA of another (creates recombinant DNA)
transgenic organisms – contain functional recombinant DNA from an organism of a different genus
3 step process

4. Attach DNA fragment to a carrier
Isolate foreign DNA
uses restrictive enzymes – bacterial proteins that can cut DNA strands into specific nucleotide sequences
Attach DNA fragment to a carrier
uses vectors
mechanical – micropipette, gene gun
biological – virus, plasmid (bacterial DNA)
Transfer into host organism

7. Applications Industry Medicine Animals Agriculture
dyes, cheese, laundry detergents, etc.
Medicine
human growth hormone, insulin, hormones, vaccines, enzymes, etc.
Animals
used to study disease (mice, worms, fruit flies)
Agriculture
better crops (taste, freshness, disease free, more vitamins, etc.)

8. Gel Electrophoresis
A method used to determine exactly what DNA fragments have been formed by restriction enzyme cutting
fragments placed in “wells” formed in gel
electric field is applied forming +/- ends
DNA fragments separate based on size and charge (smallest moves farthest away from wells)

11. The Human Genome Project
Published in 2001 – map of the 3 billion base pairs / 35, 000 – 40,000 genes on the 46 human chromosomes

12. Linkage Maps
genetic map that shows the locus (relative location) of genes on a chromosome

16. Applications diagnosis of genetic disorders gene therapy
insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders
DNA fingerprinting