Presented By: Sumia Khan Diabetes Mellitus Presented By: Sumia Khan Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

Outline Introduction Types of Diabetes Comparison between Different types Diagnostic tests Medication Treatment Simple Preventions Situation in Pakistan Q & A Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

Introduction Diabetes is usually characterized by high glucose blood level. It is a metabolic disorder. Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

Normal metabolic system Food broken down Glucose enters the blood Beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin Insulin move glucose to different body cells Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Type2 Gestational Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

TYPE1 TYPE 2 IDENTIFICATION You have this when: Your body makes too little or no insulin cannot produce insulin or does not use it properly Common physical attributes found: None common in African American, Latino/Hispanic, Dependency: Insulin DEP. Insulin Independent Onset: Rapid (weeks) Slow (years) Symptoms: Increased thirst , urination, constant hunger, weight loss Feeling tired or ill, frequent urination (especially at night), 11/10/2018 Medical Biotechnology

IDENTIFICATION TYPE 1 TYPE 2 Affecting Factors: Mostly found in: Cure: Genetic And auto- immune factors Genetic, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity . Mostly found in: Children/teens before the age of 30 Adults - reason for other name "Adult Onset" Cure: None Physical exercise, Treatment: Insulin Injections Diet, exercise, weight loss, medication. Insulin Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

IDENTIFICATION TYPE 1 TYPE 2 Glucose Channels: Insulin Receptors: Open and absorb glucose into cell to be utilized after induction of insulin unable to open & Absorb glucose, glucose Cannot be utilized by processes stays in the blood Insulin Receptors: Able to be sensitized and cause opening of the glucose channels. Insulin injection is needed. unable to be sensitized resistant to insulin glucose channels are unable to open Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

IDENTIFICATION TYPE 1 TYPE 2 Affected age group: Estimated % of Between 5 - 25 (maximum numbers In this age group) children who have Type 2 diabetes have a family history of diabetes overweight. develops around puberty. Estimated % of occurrence: 5% -10% of the 171 million of people affected by diabetes in 2000 90% - 95%-of total cases Although the projected number of Americans in the year 2030 will double from 171 million to 366 million cases. Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

Gestational Diabetes: It is high blood sugar that develops at any time during pregnancy in a woman who does not have diabetes. chances are high in those who has positive family history for diabetes during pregnancy period high prevention measure should be taken baby can also get affected and can develop either diabetes or it can lead towards developmental disabilities. Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

Problems related to Diabetes: eyes kidneys nerves. Neuropathy the blood circulation teeth and gums Skin digestive system Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

Diagnostic Tests Fingers stick blood glucose. Fasting plasma glucose. not to take food 8 hours before taking blood sample blood glucose level > 126gm/dl = diabetes. Oral glucose tolerance test. fasting plasma glucose. sweet drink having 75gm of sugar. Sample taken after 2 hr. glucose level > 200mg/dl = diabetes. 11/10/2018 Medical Biotechnology

Glycosylated hemoglobin or hemoglobin A1c: A best sugar control test. based on the life span of red blood cells. how high blood sugar level have had been over 120 days. Excess glucose of blood hooks on the hemoglobin % hemoglobin having excess of glucose measured . test result = 7% = good glucose control. = 8% = that blood glucose level is too high. Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

Medications: Sulfonylureas: stimulate the pancreas to make more insulin. Biguanides: decrease the amount of glucose produced by the liver. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: slow absorption of the starches & glucose production. Thiazolidinediones: increase sensitivity to insulin. Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

stimulate the pancreas to make more insulin. Meglitinides: stimulate the pancreas to make more insulin. D-phenylalanine derivatives: Stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin more quickly. Insulins: Human insulin less likely to cause allergic reactions than animal- derived . categorized according to their times of action and duration Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

Medical Treatments: Type 1 diabetes: daily injection of insulin, usually a combination of short-acting and longer acting insulin. Type 2 diabetes: three to six months exercise program. glycosylated hemoglobin will be rechecked. sulfonylurea or biguanide to help control blood sugar level. Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

Simple Prevention: Quit smoking. Maintain healthy weight. Increase physical activity. Follow special diet chart. Drink an adequate amount of water. Avoid taking too much salt. Regular checkups for eyes, teeth, feet & skin. Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

Situation in pakistan In 2007, 246 million people world-wide suffered from diabetes In Pakistan, 6.9 million people are affected International Diabetes Federation estimating that this number will grow to 11.5 million by 2025 . Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018

Medical Biotechnology 11/10/2018