Land Empires in the age of imperialism Chapter 25, Unit 4

challenges Challenges from the West Financial Stagnant economies Social WHY THESE CHALLENGES? Inefficient ways of governing Dominance of industrialized nations Rapid population growth Slow agricultural growth Insert a map of your country.

Think about What was the role of culture in shaping western Europe’s relations with the rest of the world in the nineteenth century? Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

Ottomans - Political Power Loss of centralized power to governors and ethnic leaders ex. – Mamluks rose to take military power in Egypt Sultan Selim III Realized need to Westernize Euro style military Standardized taxation FAILED b/c Opposition from janissaries ex. – Serbia Opposition from ulama Insert a picture illustrating a season in your country.

Ottomans – Political Power cont. 1807 - Selim captured and executed Replaced by Sultan Mahmud II Realized the empire needed reform based on 2 factors: Muhammad Ali’s success in Egypt Greek independence from Ottomans in 1829 Muhammad Ali – Provincial governor in Egypt Adopted French practices Conscription Sent youth to France for education Built factories Insert a picture of an animal and/or plant found in your country.

Greek independence 1829 Nationalism spreading in Europe encouraged Greek unification and independence Interest in antiquity encouraged European support Britain, France, & Russia aided Greeks Sultan Mahmud II realized weaknesses of empire Military tactics outdated Lack of organization Financial issues Add key points in the history of your country to the timeline.

Battle of Navarino Insert a picture illustrating a custom or tradition.

Ottomans - Tanzimat “Reorganization” Society Dissolved janissaries Adopted European military tactics & dress Reduced power of ulamas Sharia restricted to family law Equal protection under the law for all Ended tax farming Uniform tax collecting Focus on coinage Society Reforms stopped at matters of the family No political participation for women New competition in the market place led to decreased opportunities for women Cities became more cosmopolitan Focus on Euro dress & culture Insert a picture of the head leader of your country.

Crimean War 1853-1877 Background Russia wants access to Mediterranean 1815-took Georgia from Ottomans Russia claimed itself protector of Ottoman subjects of Orthodox Christian faith in Balkans Ottomans named France the “Protector of the Holy Sepulchre” in Jerusalem Russia opposed and invaded Ottoman territory (Romania) Britain & France supported Sultan Insert a picture that illustrates some part of your country’s economy.

Crimean War Cont. Real cause of war - Control of Ottoman Empire! Britain, France, & Russia all wanted control Issue is not settled until empire is dissolved after WWI! Brits and French have superior technology trap Russians on Black Sea Laid siege to Russian city of Sevastopol Results Blocked Russian expansion Neither Britain or France could take Ottoman territory for its exclusive use Insert a picture of one of the points of interest for your country.

Impact of crimean war First time newspapers used to generate public support Marked transition from traditional to modern warfare (rifles) Declining state revenues for Ottomans Became dependent of European loans

Russian empire More conservative Wanted to maintain monarchy Seen by Western Europeans as backward Late to industrialize Overwhelmingly agricultural Feared spread of literacy

Russia and Asia Dominant over Asia Imperialistic towards Asia Turkestan Georgia Azerbaijan Armenia Caused conflict with Qing China, Iran, & Ottomans Causes conflict with British Protective of India Afghanistan becomes buffer state

Russian Reforms Tsar Alexander II Emancipation of serfs & granting of property rights in 1861 Authorized joint-stock companies Expanded education

Russia – socialist ideas emerge Alexander Herzen Praised traditional peasants as “heart of Russia” Narodniki political movement which encouraged socialist thinking Leo Tolstoy War and Peace

Qing china – late 1700s Faced similar crises as Ottomans, but no reform movement emerged Qing officials had lost regional control Rebellions by poor and displaced peoples Little attention given to Europeans Population strain caused environmental damage

Opium wars – 1839-1842 Britain sent navy Superior technology Gunboats could navigate Yangzi River Treaty of Nanking Increase in treaty ports Hong Kong permanent British colony Most-favored nation status – any privileges China gave to another country would also be given to Britain 1860 – British have right to import opium Americans & Europeans making fortunes smuggling opium into China Silver funding industrialization By 1830s addiction had spread to all walks of Chinese society Qing officials sent representatives to Canton to stop the trade

Taiping Rebellion – 1850-1864 Background Hong Xiuquan Treaty system allowed small pockets of colonization in China Growing number of foreigners Not enough food Hong Xiuquan Learned from Christian missionaries & believed he was brother Jesus who was to establish a new kingdom on Earth First step was to free China of Manchu rule Thousands joined his movement Govt. officials sent to stop it

Taiping Rebellion Fighting Beliefs Qing army surrounded city but Taipings had stored supplies and lasted there over a decade 1856 – Britain & France attack China for not abiding treaty (Arrow War) Secured their posts & then agreed to help Qing defeat Taipings World’s bloodiest civil war Beliefs Men & women equal Women forbidden to bind feet Women could equally work the land & serve in military capacity Established base at Nanjing 1853

Qing China - Plague Area around Taiping fighting had lingering bubonic plague Taipings who escaped to highlands of Laos & Vietnam took it with it and it resurged Spread to Singapore, San Francisco, & London Contributed to anti-Chinese laws passed in Americas & England

Decline of Qing China 1860’S Massive debt Over-farmed land Decline in rice production Provincial governors gained more control Collect own taxes Have armies Essentially, Qing China became a number of large power zones headed by provincial governors The Emperor was in name only