Southeast Asian and African Nations get Independence Long-standing cultural and religious differences and conflicts are still evident in the post-colonial world. The multipolar world has roots in globalization, technological advancements and the residual effects of imperialism. The goals of conflicts have changed over time Southeast Asian and African Nations get Independence Warm-up – identify Kenya, Ghana, Congo, Algeria and Angola on your Africa Map pg 3. Indicate name and location of capital city AND share your India news stories with your group Final exam essay June 1 Complete Graphic organizers Review African Independence Complete p 7 Complete pp 8-9. Describe similarities between the expansion of democracy and enlightenment ideas in Europe in the 19th C and the independence movements in Asia and Africa in the 20th Century. Online(see links on http://mrksmodernworld.pbworks.com unit sheets page), read current events about the following African and Asian Countries (1-Ghana, 2-Kenya, 3-Congo/Zaire, 4-Algeria, 5-Angola, 6-Phillippines, 7-Burma, 8-Singapore/Malaysia) Create a brief presentation that connects the history of these countries studied in MWH (and this unit), the above EUs and the current events. Work on Core

New Nations in Africa - Ghana Kwame Nkrumah – leader of pan-Africa movement Used strike, boycotts to promote “Freedom Now” Came to Presidency of independent Ghana in 1957 and initiated a new Constitution in 1960 Promoted industrial reforms, social welfare programs like state-provided health care and improvements in education Connected Ghana to the Organization of African Unity However, economic and political instability, his connection to Marxism, over-spending on public programs and his focus on Pan-Africanism as opposed to just Ghana, as well as his policies of heavy taxation lead to his overthrow by a coup and his subsequent exile.

New Nations in Africa - Kenya The Mau Mau were Kenyan highlanders displaced by the British colonists. To take back their land and country, they used guerilla tactics. Jomo Kenyatta led an independence movement that approved of the Mau Mau tactics. Once in office, Kenyatta: United different ethnicities Promoted economic growth Changed Nairobi into the major East Africa business center Kenyatta and Mwariama (Mau Mau leader However, Kenyatta died and Arap Moi was unable to continue to unite the ethnicities. Further, as was typical in Africa after colonization ended, ethnic conflict, corruption and too much emphasis on state-directed growth hurt the economy and the government’s ability to govern effectively.

New Nations in Africa – Zaire/Congo Belgium left the Congo due to pressure by both USSR and US, as well as from the UN and… Large protests and riots in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) and Stanleyville (now Kisangani) and… French war in Algeria trying to keep its colony Mobutu Sese Seko came to his 32 year reign of power after a US –backed coup. Mobutu instituted a corrupt, oppressive, brutal single-party dictatorship Changed the name of Congo to Zaire in 1971 He stayed in power partially by bribing supporters and imprisoning or killing his opponents Mobutu was overthrown by Laurent Kabila in 1997 after a 7 month rebel conflict and the country was renamed Democratic Republic of Congo. The next decade saw a massive civil war leading to almost 4 million deaths.

New Nations in Africa - Algeria Algerian independence fighters formed the National Liberation Front (FLN) and fought a 4 year guerilla war to oust France France could not win, so a national referendum led to consensus independence from France Ahmed Ben Bella as the first president attempted to implement land reforms, education improvements and other policies to modernize Algeria. Ben Bella was overthrown in 1965 by a military coup that then ran the country until 1992 election. However, the military annulled the election because it had been won by an Islamist party. Algeria then descended into 10 years of civil war. It is still facing economic and political instability. The civil war basically ended in 2002 with a general amnesty for the FLS rebels, but rioting and political instability are still problems. 2010

New Nations in Africa - Angola Angolan Rebels mainly led by Jonas Savimbi’s UNITA , Antonio Neto’s MPLA and Holden Roberto’s FNLA fought guerilla war against Portugal. War in Portugal was unpopular, leading to the fall of the Portuguese dictatorship government The new government signed peace deal with the Angolan rebels. But the rebels had different ideological backers. FNLA was backed by US and Zaire , UNITA by China and South Africa, and MPLA by Cuba Dos Santos Chilupa of Zambia Savimbi A big civil war with major foreign troops from Zaire, South Africa and Cuba took place right after MPLA declared independence in 1975. The civil war basically ended in 1992 with an election, but the war then broke out again until 2002. Angola now has a democratic government.