1. The Struggle for Democracy:Africa Why has Africa struggled in gaining democratic governments?

2. Nigeria 1960: British grant independence Fulani have majority control of govt. Igbo have a coup against Fulani govt & then Fulani have counter -coup, Igbo attempt to form own nation causing a civil war, 1.2 million casualties Kenya: 1952-1963 Jomo Kenyatta leads Mau Mau. Mau Mau use guerilla warfare against British farmers who don’t want independence. 10K Africans die in the struggle Algeria 1954-62: FLN leader Ahmed Ben Bella rebels against French Govt. DeGaulle sends in 500K troops but France loses. Soviets back Bella but Islamic rebels overthrow Bella in 1962

3. Angola: 1960-75 Marxist rebels (MPLA) try to overthrow of Portuguese Govt. Rebels win (1975) & Civil War erupts. US backs Anti-communists 500K killed between 1975-2002 Congo 1960-65: Marxist group MNC & Patrice Lumumba win elections. Province of Katanga breaks off (backed by US/Belgium) Lumumba turns to USSR. Lumumba is assassinated. Military dictator Mobuto Sese Seko takes over & changes Congo to Zaire.

4. South Africa: Dutch Afrikaners (Boers) have control of Govt. Set up Apartheid system that segregates blacks & whites. Apartheid ends in 1991, when Nelson Mandela’s ANC wins elections Uganda: Idi Amin takes power in a coup. He expels foreigners & nationalizes British businesses. Kills 300K from 1971-1979Rwanda: Tutsi minority rules after independence. Hutu majority wins election in 1994. Hutu army and militia groups kill one million Tutsis