Why Do Ethnicities Clash?

Why do Ethnicities Clash? 1. Ethnic Competition to Dominate 2. Dividing Ethnicities among more than one state

Ethnic Clashes Around the World 1. Horn of Africa Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, & Somalia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A1Jz4FOc50 2. Lebanon Christian Maronite, Orthodox Christians, Sunni & Shiite Muslims 3. Sri Lanka Sinhalese (Buddhist) & Tamils (Tamil Tigers) (Hindus) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_j6PoxFEP2Q 4. Balkan Peninsula

Former Yugoslavia, Where was it? Eastern Europe Balkan Peninsula Eastern Side of Adriatic Sea North of Greece

Balkan Peninsula Romania Albania Greece Bulgaria Slovenia Macedonia (Former) Yugoslavia (now Serbia and Montenegro) Slovenia Macedonia Bosnia & Herzegovina Croatia

It has been an area of constant changes and fallen victim to Empire Building. Early 1200’s to WWI (1918) Balkans were controlled by three empires. 1. Austria-Hungary (N +W) 2. Ottoman Empire (S +E) 3. Russia (E)’ YUGOSLAVIA was a TRANSITION ZONE

Formation of Yugoslavia Formed after WWII, under leadership of Josip Broz Tito (1953- 1980).

Yugoslavia had 6 Republics 1. Bosnia-Herzegovina 2. Croatia 3. Macedonia 4. Montenegro 5. Serbia 6. Slovenia

The 6 republics each had… Their own parliament Their own official language Their own army Serbian Alphabet

Yugoslavian Federal Government Head of State is the President Federal Assembly (Legislature) National Army Control of International Issues

What can you conclude based on the following quotation? “Yugoslavia has seven neighbors, six republics, five nationalities, three religions, two alphabets and one dinar (currency)”

Diversity in Yugoslavia 7 Neighbors Italy Austria Hungary Romania Bulgaria Greece Albania

Diversity in Yugoslavia 6 Republics Slovenia Croatia Bosnia-Herzegovina Macedonia Montenegro Serbia (Vojvodina, Kosovo)

Diversity in Yugoslavia Nationalities Serbs Croats Slovenes Macedonians Montenegros You can also add in Hungarians and Albanians.

Diversity in Yugoslavia Languages Croat Serbian Hungarian Albanian

Diversity in Yugoslavia Religions Orthodox Catholic Islam

Diversity in Yugoslavia Alphabets Greek Latin (we use this)

Destruction of Multi-Ethnic Yugoslavia Following Tito’s death ethnic rivalries resurfaced in Yugoslavia. Tito was a centripetal force, he brought the many ethnicities together.

Break up of Yugoslavia Slovenia first to declare independence : June of 1991 Croatia declared right after Slovenia Fighting broke out in Croatia in January 1992 between the Serbs and the Croats, mainly in the area of Krajina which is mostly Serb. Macedonia declared in September of ’91 Bosnia declared in March of ‘92

Intense Fighting Three Groups wanted control of the country Serbs Croats Bosniacs (Bosnian Muslims)

Intense Fighting- Serbian Side Serbs goal is to control any territory occupied by Serbs in Bosnia and Croatia and add it to Serbia to create a “Greater Serbia” Milosevic sent the Yugoslavian army into Bosnia to help the Bosnian Serbs fight. Milosevic believed “no Serb should be controlled by anyone but another Serb”.

Intense Fighting- Croat side Croat’s goal was to control any territory occupied by Croats in Bosnia and add it to Croatia to created a “Greater Croatia”. Croatia sent their army into Bosnia to help Bosnian Croats

“HELP!” Plead Bosnian Muslims Bosnian Muslims have no one to turn to, so they ask the United Nations for help.

“Ethnic Cleansing” Process in which a powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. Rid a region of an entire ethnicity so the surviving ethnic group can be the sole inhabitants. (Men, women and children)

During the war, Serbs always had the advantage of a stronger military During the war, Serbs always had the advantage of a stronger military. They resorted to “ethnic cleansing” Forcibly removed Croats and Muslims from their homes by ANY means possible. Muslims became the prime targets- they are killed systematically and by the thousands Serbs want “ethnically pure” land

Atrocity against Bosnian Muslims March 26, 1992, Bosanski Brod, Bosnia First massacre in Bosnia ,Croat and Bosnian Muslim forces executed, mutilated, and beheaded 20 Bosnian Serb civilians in Sijekovac near Bosanski Brod. An 85 year Bosnian Serb was executed and then burned inside his house. The decapitated and mutilated corpses of Bosnian Serbs murdered in northern Bosnia near Brod.

Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo Serbs take control of Albanian majority Kosovo and follow the same process of Ethnic Cleansing. 750,000 of the 2 million Albanian majority of Kosovo were forced from their homes and made refugees.

NATO Intervenes USA and its Western European allies launch an air attack against Serbia. Bombing ended when Serbia agreed to pull out of Kosovo. Peace Treaty: Dayton Accords Bosnia becomes a checkerboard of enclaves- areas of land where one group of people are surrounded by another group.

Future? “If peace comes to the Balkans, it will be because in a tragic way ethnic cleansing “worked”. Million of people were rounded up and killed or forced to migrate because they constituted ethnic minorities. Ethnic homogeneity may be the price of peace in areas that once were multi-ethnic” What do you think? (write a short response to give to Ms. Seaton)

Bosnia Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbNocQORWQ8

FRQ Prep: Ethnicity

Words to Know Nation State Nation-state People with shared CULTURAL identity State Politically organized territory Sovereign Government Recognized by International Community Nation-state A political territory that coincides with the area settle by a certain group of people

Examples of Nations, States, and Nation-States in this territory?

Examples of Nations, States, and Nation-States in this territory?

How has the nation-state ideal led to conflict in these two regions? Who has conflicts? Why?