1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. W-TH2/6-7/13; W2/1/12 Ethnic Tension & Ethnic Cleansing (7.3 & 7.4 – pp. 217-237)

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality A. Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa 1. Ethiopia and Eritrea traditional ethnic differences off-and-on war beginning in 1960’s official separation since 1993 Each country has two major ethnic groups –Ethiopia: Amhara (Christian) & Oromo (Muslim) –Eritrea: Tigrinya & Tigre (different religions) less religious tension in Eritrea refugees

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality A. Horn of Africa (cont.) 2. Sudan multiple civil wars since 1980’s split by regions, ethnicity & religion –North: Arab Muslims –South: Black Christian & Animist –West: Black Muslim (Darfur Region) –East: multiple ethnicities & religions (closer to Eritrea) South Sudan now independent (2011) refugees

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnic Diversity in Eastern Africa

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality A. Horn of Africa (cont.) 3. Somalia fewer religious differences mostly clan & subclan tension gov’t collapsed in 1991 little gov’t control since brief U.S. involvement (“Black Hawk Down”) other countries involved (esp. Ethiopia & Eritrea) famine & warfare refugees

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality B. Ethnic competition in Lebanon –religious and ethnic differences –Christian (~40%) & Muslim (~60%) country Christians divided among Maronites & Orthodox Muslims split among Sunni, Shi’ite & Druze –only independent since 1943 –off-an-on civil war from 1975 to 1990 –divided ethnic nation since –outside involvement: U.S., Israeli, Syria & Iran Syria remains influential, despite official withdrawal

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicities in Lebanon

8. II. Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State A. Dividing ethnicities in South Asia 1. India and Pakistan British rule over both c. 1750-1947 split into two countries religious split –India (mostly Hindu) –Pakistan - East & West (mostly Muslim) –also includes Sikhs (primarily in Punjab region of India) massive refugee problem - about 17M refugees –many attacked & massacred Kashmir –disputed territory b/w India & Pakistan –majority are Muslim

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnic Division in South Asia Figure 7-24

10. 10 II. Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State (cont.) A. Dividing ethnicities in South Asia –2. Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka –Sri Lanka (aka New Orleans) –about 20M –two ethnicities Sinhalese ~82% - Buddhist - south Tamil ~14% - Hindu - north –ethnic fighting begins after independence –civil war ends in 2009 w/ Tamil defeat 10

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12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. III. Ethnic Cleansing Overview Ethnic cleansing = process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful group from their territory –The purpose is not to subjugate, but to remove –Today, most ethnic cleansing happens in Europe and Africa

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. III. Ethnic Cleansing in Europe –Largest forced migration = 1939–1945 Jews, gypsies, and others forcibly removed by Nazis to concentration camps (Auschwitz, Dachau, etc.) –Nazi Holocaust - 6M Jews, 5M others –The former Yugoslavia (1991-1998) [more below]

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15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. III. Ethnic Cleansing in Europe A. Creation of multiethnic Yugoslavia (South Slavs) created after WWI part of Wilson’s self-determination effort to solve “Balkan problem” –“powder keg of Europe” Tito’s centripetal influence many centrifugal forces - examples? –Tito’s “7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1”

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Balkans in 1914

17. 17 III. Ethnic Cleansing in Europe B. The Destruction of Yugoslavia centrifugal forces awaken post-Tito (1980’s) Slovenia, Croatia & Bosnia break away c. 1991 Macedonia & Montenegro later –1. Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia Serbs & Croats attack ethnic Bosnian Muslims Bosnia split along religious lines –Serbs (E. Orth.), Croats (Cath.), Bosnians (Muslim) –officially divided into multiethnic state - 1996 (Dayton Accords) 17

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20. Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia A. B. C. Destruction and rebuilding of Stari Most (“Old Bridge”). A. Originally built in 1566 B. Destroyed in 1993 C. Rebuilt in 2004 20

21. 21 III. Ethnic Cleansing in Europe (cont.) B. The Destruction of Yugoslavia –2. Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo ethnic mix - Serb & Albanian –90% Albanian prior to breakup –many refugees move to Albania –NATO help (“Behind Enemy Lines”) declared independence in 2008 –tension b/w Russia (w/ Serbia) & West –3. Balkanization –Balkanized = small geographic area incapable of organization due to many ethnicities & antagonisms –Balkanization = process by which states break down through ethnic conflicts –direct impact on WWI and post-Cold War Europe 21

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicities in Kosovo

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. IV. Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa Most boundaries in Africa do not correspond to ethnic groups –impact of European imperialism in 19th C. later leads to racial tension (ex. Uganda, Zimbabwe) during independence movement of 1960s & 1970s –conflict between ethnicities destabilizes Central Africa ethnic cleansing and genocide in Rwanda –Hutu and Tutsi tension (“Hotel Rwanda”) refugees spill into neighboring countries Democratic Republic of Congo falls into civil war –many ethnic tensions, similar to Rwanda

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25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Political Geography