1. Overlapping Ethnicities and Nationalities
Conflict over the Holy Land
Jerusalem- Shrines holy to Jews, Christians, and Muslims
Israel- Jewish majority, bordered by predominantly Muslim states (Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, and Syria)
Palestinians- nationality that emerged in the late 1960’s

2. Who considers themselves Palestinian?
Lebanon
Very ethnically diverse country, different religious groups co-existing peacefully
Constitution required representation from each religion according to percentage of population
Israeli-Arab War many Palestinian refugees came to Lebanon, changing the balance between Christians and Muslims
PLO – Palestinian Liberation Organization

3. Lebanon’s Civil War
Breakdown of govt, each religious group formed their own militia
U.S. Marines sent to support the evacuation of the PLO in U.S. Marines were killed in their barracks when a truck carrying a bomb exploded.
Syria gained control of much of Lebanon

4. Conflicts in Africa
Sudan- Civil war since the 1980’s. Arab-Muslim dominance in the North, black Christian rebels in the south. Christians resisting attempts by the government forces to convert the country to one tied to Muslim traditions. (segregation of the sexes)
Somalia- conflict between clans for control of the country and resources. U.S. sent troops to protect food delivery to starving people. (Black Hawk Down)

5. Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa
Rwanda
Mysterious death of Rwandan President (plane crash)
100 days- 800,000 Tutsi’s and moderate Hutu’s were killed
Hutu’s believed to be behind the assassination of the Hutu President
Tutsi’s - minority, but more power granted due to European colonization

6. Why does ethnic cleansing occur?
Ethnicity
Why does ethnic cleansing occur?

7. Ethnic Cleansing
A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
Goes beyond defeating or subjugating
Involves removing every member of the group (women, children, old, young, etc.)

8. Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia
1990’s- Serbs v. Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serb army takes control of Muslim villages, Serbs installed as gov’t officials
Laws required Muslims to be drafted into Serb army. When they refused, health ins. and other social benefits were taken away.
Some Muslims killed, others imprisoned in camps

9. Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia
Slobodan Milosevic- Serbian President
Conducted the ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims
Charged with genocide and other war crimes. Died of a heart attack during the proceedings

10. Ethnic Conflicts and WWI
Austria-Hungary empire extended its rule to Bosnia (where most people were Islamic because of Ottoman rule)
June the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarejevo by a Serb seeking independence for Bosnia.

11. Post WWI Yugoslavia created by the Allies after WWI
United several Balkan ethnicities. (Language was similar) Old animosities were submerged, younger people began to see themselves as Yugoslavs rather than Serbs, Croats, etc

12. Breakup of Yugoslavia
Early 1990’s- Yugo. Broke into independent countries (Bosnia-Herz, Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia
Ethnicities fought to establish boundaries

13. Breakup of Yugo.
Serbs attacked Croatia for control of Krajina region (Serbs outnumbered Croats)
Kosovo region of southern Serbia- Albanians (77% of the pop.) fought for independence from Serbia. Serbia fought to keep it because it is their historic homeland.

14. Ethnic Cleansing
By practicing ethnic cleansing, Bosnian Serbs hoped to eliminate Bosnian Muslims from intervening areas, creating on continuous stretch of Serb domination
Map on p. 260

15. Balkanization
Balkanized- a small geographic area that could not be successsfully organized into one or more stable states because it is inhabited by many ethnicities with long standing antagonisms toward each other.
Balkanization- process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.
Led to WWI because the various nationalities in the Balkans dragged larger countries with whom they had alliances into the conflict.

16. Balkins
Two world wars and fall of communism have not cured the balkanization
Long term peace may only come about through ethnic homogeneity