The Industrial Revolution 9.2 Manchester: The Industrial Revolution 10.3.2 Examine how scientific and technological changes and new reforms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change (e.g. inventions and discoveries of James Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison.) 10.3.3 Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.

Industrial Revolution Review Period marking the introduction of mass production, improved transportation, technological progress, and the industrial factory system that started in England in the late 18th century Resulted in a shift from home-based hand manufacturing (Cottage Industry) to large-scale factory production

Change in industry brought many benefits for the British Change has Advantages Change in industry brought many benefits for the British Mass production cheaper goods Created jobs for workers Contributed to wealth of the nation Encouraged technological progress Raised standard of living Improved people’s lives Growth of the Middle Class

Industrialization Changes Life By the 1800’s, people could earn higher wages working in factories than on farms They could now afford to heat their homes with coal, eat beef, and wear better clothes City populations swelled with waves of new job seekers

What are the advantages of the Industrial Revolution? QUIZ WIZ What are the advantages of the Industrial Revolution? Mass production cheaper goods Created jobs for workers Contributed to wealth of the nation Encouraged technological progress Raised standard of living Improved people’s lives

Urbanization For centuries Europeans lived and worked in rural (farm) areas After 1800, the balance shifted toward cities This shift was caused by the growth of factories concentrated in a central location Between 1800 and 1850, Growth of factory systems caused cities to quadruple This period is known as a period of urbanization: movement of people to urban areas (cities)

Migration in Great Britain ACTIVITY: Urbanization Migration in Great Britain

MANCHESTER POPULATION IN THOUSANDS 351 90 1800 1870 500 400 300 200 100 90 1800 1870

BIRMINGHAM POPULATION IN THOUSANDS 344 74 1800 1870 500 400 300 200 100 74 1800 1870

GLASGOW POPULATION IN THOUSANDS 500 400 322 300 200 100 77 1800 1870

LONDON POPULATION IN THOUSANDS 3,890 1,117 1800 1870 4000 3000 2000 1000 1800 1870

Manchester Factories were built near sources of energy, usually cities The largest growth occurred in England. London became Europe’s largest city with over one million people Other cities developed and grew as well Manchester- textile manufacturing centers Manchester grew from 45,000 in 1760 to 300,000 by 1850

Factories were in cities which allowed for more job opportunities QUIZ WIZ What was the cause for the huge jump in urbanization (from rural to city living)? Factories were in cities which allowed for more job opportunities

Change also has its Disadvantages

The Mills of Manchester The city of Manchester England is a perfect example of the successes and problems of the Industrial Revolution The city’s rapid and unplanned growth made it an unhealthy place for poor people who lived and worked there

-Poor housing Living Conditions Filthy Slums Overcrowding Pollution Disease & Death Crime Average life span for someone living in a city was 17 compared to 38 in the country side.

POOR HOUSING

FILTHY SLUMS

OVER CROWDING

POLLUTION

DISEASES

CHOLERA Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacteria The terrible living conditions during the Industrial Revolution led to many deaths due to Cholera The short incubation period of 2 hours to five days leaves roughly 100,000 people dead every year

Describe the living conditions during the Industrial Revolution? QUIZ WIZ Describe the living conditions during the Industrial Revolution? Poor housing Filthy Slums Overcrowding Pollution Disease & Death Crime

Draw a sketch depicting CITY LIFE during the Industrial Revolution Overcrowding Poor housing Crime Filth Pollution Disease and death

Working Conditions Conditions were VERY harsh Creation of the Assembly Line 14+ hours a day 6 days a week Little or no breaks Factories were dark and dangerous Many were killed or injured No job security Women and children were employed in because they were the cheapest source of labor

Assembly Line In 1913, Henry Ford, introduced the assembly line to speed up production The assembly line broke each job down to small tasks It was efficient and produced more goods at a cheaper price

Assembly Line

How did assembly lines benefit factories in the Industrial Revolution? QUIZ WIZ How did assembly lines benefit factories in the Industrial Revolution? Assembly lines sped up production. The assembly line broke each job down to small tasks. It was efficient and produced more goods at a cheaper price.

CHILD LABOR

Children were also punished for arriving late for work and for talking to the other children. Orphans were the ones subject to this slave-like labor. The factory owners justified their absence of payroll by saying that they gave the orphans food, shelter, and clothing, all of which were far below par. The children who did get paid were paid very little.

In some factories children were dipped head first into the water tank if they became drowsy

Children were treated very badly and taken advantage of Children were usually hit with a strap to make them work faster

Crippled Children from Industrial Accidents

What were working conditions like during the Industrial Revolution? QUIZ WIZ What were working conditions like during the Industrial Revolution? Working Conditions were VERY harsh 14+ hours a day 6 days a week Little or no breaks Factories were dark and dangerous Many were killed or injured No job security Women and children were employed in because they were the cheapest source of labor.

Class Tensions Grow Though Britain’s poverty gripped working class, the Industrial Revolution created enormous amounts of wealth in the nation Tensions developed due to the large gap between the rich and the poor

Social Class The NEW money of the Industrial Revolution came from the growing middle class- factory owners, shippers, professionals, skilled workers, merchants, and managers New middle class transformed society in Great Britain In the past, upper class aristocracy occupied top positions in society Now with the growing middle class becoming equally wealthy they were resentful of growing rich middle class Eventually, a larger middle class-neither rich nor poor- emerged

Which social class grew as a result of the Industrial Revolution? QUIZ WIZ Which social class grew as a result of the Industrial Revolution? Middle Class

Analyzing Key Concepts ACTIVITY: Industrialization- Analyzing Key Concepts

WORKING CONDITIONS *Industry created many new jobs *Factories were dirty, unsafe, and dangerous *Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline LONG-TERM EFFECT- Workers won higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions

SOCIAL CLASSES *Factory workers were overworked *Overseers and skilled workers rose to lower middle class. Factory owners and merchants formed upper middle class. *Upper class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were. LONG- TERM EFFECT- Standard of living generally rose Upper Class Upper Middle Class Lower Middle Class Working Class

SIZE OF CITIES *Factories brought job seekers to cities *Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size. *Many cities specialized in certain industries. LONG-TERM EFFECT- Suburbs grew as people fled overcrowded cities

LIVING CONDTIONS *Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls *Housing, water, and social services were scarce *Epidemics swept through the city LONG-TERM EFFECT- Housing, diet, and clothing improved