Reform or Tradition

World Wide Reform Traditional Empires forced to change Keep up with IR Ottomans, Russia, China, Japan Dealt with similar issues, handled differently All had resistance

Ottoman Empire 1700s out of touch with Europe Weakened tried to lure Euros in (capitulations) Central gov’t minimal Mahmud II led reform Copied French laws public trials, strong army Improved infrastructure Opposition to reform Young Turks staged coup, est. puppet sultan Never Reformed

Russia Russian gov’t like Ottoman out of date Nobles owned most land Focused on expansion Manchuria to Med. Sea Weak military exposed in Crimean War Gov’t forced to change Alexander II tried to reform, assassinated Emancipated serfs, set district courts, male suffrage

Russia Nicholas II tried to expand Revolution of 1905 Russo-Japanese War defeated, disgraced Revolution of 1905 Workers marched on Winter Palace Bloody Sunday

Chinese Reform 19th Century Qing struggled to rule Rapid population growth Created famines, tension with gov’t, wars Opium imported British used to bargain British traded for silver used silver for Chinese goods Double profit Opium War (1839) easy British victory Chinese sign unequal treaty commercial access

Chinese Reform Tiaping Rebellion (1850s) Hong Xiquan claimed to be Jesus’ brother Claimed territory in central China (Heavenly Kingdom) Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s-70s) Modernize infrastructure, resistance from gov’t Hundred Days of Reform Confucian Ideals Justified changes, ultimately failed Boxer Rebellion1900 No foreign influence, Empress Cixi supported Defeated by Western Coalition Qing abdicate 1911 Communist soon take over

Japanese Isolation and Reform Most radical reform most successful Remained isolated for 200 years Grew from farming to commercial society US visit interest in trade agreement Us forced out, but sparked interest

Japanese Meiji Restoration Satsuma, Choshu clans pro-isolation Wanted to restore Emperor, unseat Shogun Young generation wanted modernization Fought with guns Civil War in 1866 Easy victory Emperor restored Meiji Enlightened One 16-year-old Unique used old model to reform nation