Introduction to phonetics and English phonology: Consonants, part 2 Uttalslära Introduction to phonetics and English phonology: Consonants, part 2

Types of consonants • Plosives (stops) • Nasals • Fricatives • Affricates • Semi-vowels • Laterals • Frictionless continuants

The consonants of English 1 Voiceless Voiced Fricatives /f/ fan /v/ van /s/ so /z/ zoo /ʃ/ shore /ʒ/ vision /θ/ thin /ð/ then /h/ hat Plosives /p/ pet /b/ bag /k/ kite /g/ bag /t/ take /d/ dog Nasals /m/ men /n/ men /ŋ/ sing

The consonants of English 2 Voiceless Voiced Affricates /tʃ/ church /dʒ/ judge Semi-vowels /w/ well /j/ yes Lateral /l/ long Frictionless continuant /r/ rose

Nasals When producing a nasal, we let the air flow through the nose instead of the mouth. English has three nasals, all of them voiced.

/m/ as in me Examples: summer /'sʌmə(r)/ Always voiced in English.... ....but what about Swedish?

/n/ as in not Pronunciation: the tip of the tongue not touching the teeth “n” is mute in words with -mn: condemn /kən'dem/ hymn /hım/ damn /dæm/

/ŋ/ as in king The spelling “ng” is sometimes pronounced /ŋ/ and sometimes /ŋg/ herring /'herıŋ/ singing /'sıŋıŋ/ angry /'æŋgrı/ hunger /'hʌŋgə(r)/

Affricates Consist of a plosive followed by a fricative. English has two affricates; one voiced and one voiceless.

/tʃ/ as in church The plosive /t/ is followed by the fricative /ʃ/ Spellings: ch cheese /tʃi:z/ China /'tʃaınə/ children /'tʃıldrən/

/ʃ/ versus /tʃ/ sheep /ʃi:p/ cheap /tʃi:p/ ship /ʃıp/ chip /tʃıp/ Charlotte /'ʃɑ:(r)lət/ Charles /tʃɑ:lz/ Talk is not sheep!

Pronunciations of ch /tʃ/ in most words /ʃ/ in champagne, chauffeur, Chicago, parachute /k/ in chaos, chemistry, echo, epoch Mute in yacht /jɒt||jɑ:t/

/dʒ/ as in judge Spellings: j, g, ge geography /dʒı'ɒgrəfı||dʒı'ɑ:grəfı/ jeans /dʒi:nz/ jam /dʒæm/ ridge /rıdʒ/

/dʒ/ versus /tʃ/ judge /'dʒʌdʒ/ church /tʃɜ:(r)tʃ/

/dʒ/ versus /g/ ginger /'dʒındʒə(r)/ giggle /'gig(ə)l/ urgent /'ɜ:(r)dʒənt/ target /'tɑ(r):gıt/ gentle /'dʒent(ə)l/ giddy /'gıdı/

Semi-vowels Produced like vowels, without any obstruction of the oral cavity, but behave like consonants. English has two semi-vowels, both voiced.

/w/ as in well The letter w is mute in words beginning with wr- and in names ending in -wich, -wick. wring /rıŋ/ Warwick /'wɒrık || 'wɔ:rık/ sword /sɔ:(r)d/

/j/ as in yes Spelling: y, eu, u, ue, ui The letter “j” is never pronounced /j/! unit /'ju:nıt/ Europe /'ju:rəp/

/dʒ/ versus /j/ use (noun) /ju:s/ juice /dʒu:s/ your /jɔ:(r)/ jaw /dʒɔ:/

/l/ as in all A lateral consonant Two realisations: clear and dark In RP, /l/ is clear before vowels and /j/, dark in other positions including at the end of a word. In GA, /l/ is always more or less dark.

Linda Wilson will perhaps be on television /l/ as in all Clear l: lip, less, fully, halyard Dark l: tall, world, help, humble Linda Wilson will perhaps be on television c d d c

/l/ as in all Clear and dark /l/ – sound examples “leap, play, pool” (clear, clear, dark) “play, play” (first clear, then dark)

/l/ as in all The letter l is mute in some words with -alf, -alk, -alm, -olk Examples: calf /kɑ:f || kæf/ chalk /tʃɔ:k/ calm /kɑ:m/ yolk /jəʊk/ Also mute in salmon, Stockholm, colonel.

/r/ as in rose A fricative in Swedish. In English it is a frictionless continuant. In RP, final r is only pronounced before a vowel. In GA, /r/ occurs in all positions.

/r/ as in rose Linking /r/ occurs in RP when a word with a final r is followed by a vowel. Examples: far away, your answer, War and Peace Compare: before long before everyone

/r/ as in rose Intrusive /r/ occurs in RP in some positions where there is no r in the spelling. Used to prevent hiatus (vokalmöte). Examples: Asia and Africa /'eıʃər ən 'æfrikə/ law and order /lɔ:r ən 'ɔ:də/ drawing /'drɔ:rıŋ/

/θæŋk ju: fə 'lısənıŋ/!