October 19, 2017 Journal: What are three surface structures on the femur?

Ligaments, Tendons, and Joints

Joints Aka articulations When two or more bones come together Allow the body to move

Ligaments Tough, connective tissue Connects bone to bone

Tendons Cordlike structures that attach bones to muscles

Types of Joints

Fibrous Joints Held together by short connective strands Immobile or slightly moveable Ex: Sutures in your skull

Cartilaginous Joints Held together by cartilage disks Immovable or slightly movable Ex: Joints between your ribs and sternum

Synovial Joints Connected by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid and lined with a synovial membrane Freely moving

Types of Synovial Joints Pivot Joints: Can only rotate Found in your neck

Types of Synovial Joints Ball and Socket Joints: Can move in all directions including rotation Found in your shoulders and hips

Types of Synovial Joints Hinge Joints: Can either open or close Found in your knees and elbows

Types of Synovial Joints Gliding Joints Flat, slightly curved, plate like bones Can only side back and forth Found in your wrists and ankles http://phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/skeletal_and_muscular/index.html

Types of Synovial Joints Saddle Joints One bone shaped like a saddle and another similar to a horse’s back Rock up and down and side to side Found in the base of your thumb

Types of Synovial Joints Condyloid Joints and Ellipsoidal Joints Oddly shaped convex bones fitting into concave bones Can move in any direction, but cannot rotate Found in the knuckles of your fingers and wrists

Movement Classification

Flexion When a joint is bent, decreasing the angle

Extension Straightening a joint so the angle between the bones increases

Plantar Flexion When the toes are pointed

Dorsiflexion When the foot is bent upward toward the leg

Hyperextension When a joint is forced to straighten beyond its normal limits

Abduction To move away from the bodies midline

Adduction To move toward the midline of the body

Inversion When the sole of one foot is turned inward so it points to the other foot

Eversion The foot is turned outward, pointing away from the opposite foot

Supination The palm of your hand is turned upward

Pronation When the palm of the hand is turned down

Circumduction Circular arm motion

Protraction Drawing a part forward

Retraction Drawing a part backwards

Rotation When a bone spins on its axis

X-rays in Motion http://weissortho.com/content/x-ray-gifs/