1. The Skeletal System: Joint Movements

2. Body Movements
There are generally 4 types of movements that occur with joints and articulations
GLIDING: between flat bones
ANGULAR: increase or decrease angles between joints
ROTATIONAL: turning at a joint
SPECIAL MOVEMENTS: specific areas with specific joints
We will focus on movements of synovial/diarthroses

3. Flexion and Extension Flexion the angle of the bone is decreased
Extension the angle of the bone is increased
Hyperextension occurs when the movement exceeds the plane of normal movement

4. Abduction and Adduction
Both are also angular movements
Abduction a limb is moved away from the midline of the body
Adduction occurs when the limb is returned toward the body surface

5. Special Flexion/Extension Movements
With the foot
Dorsiflexion: ankle bones undergo flexion and the sole elevates
Plantar flexion: opposite movement when the foot bends in direction of the plantar surface

6. Inversion and Eversion
This special movement also occurs with the foot
Inversion the foot twists to turn the sole inward
Eversion the foot twists so the sole faces outward

7. Pronation and Supination
Special movements at the wrist
Pronation: palm turns down to the posterior position
Supination: turns the palm forward to the anterior position

8. Circumduction
Circumduction occurs with ball and socket joints where the limb moves 3600
The distal part of the arm or leg moves in a circle or cone

9. Rotation Rotation occurs where a bone turns along its own long axis
Can occur at the hip and shoulder joints
Most easily seen when the head turns left and right when expressing “no”

10. Depression and Elevation
Special movements of jaw, shoulders and face
Depression occurs when the muscles move structure in an inferior direction
Elevation occurs when muscles move structure in the superior direction

11. Retraction and Protraction
Special movements in which no angles are involved
Retraction movement of a body part toward the posterior
Protraction movement of a body part in the anterior direction

12. Opposition and Reposition
Special movements of the thumb
Opposition brings the thumb and little finger together
Reposition brings them away from each other

13. ROTATION
FLEXION
FLEXION
HORIZONTAL
ADDUCTION
ROTATION
ROTATION
FLEXION
PLANTAR
FLEXION
INVERSION