Challenges and Changes in the Movement Unit 7, Section 4 Challenges and Changes in the Movement TYWL: Global interaction may be caused by conflict. / Forces of imperialism, nationalism, militarism and geo-political alliances, taken to the extreme, can lead to international conflicts. / Nationalism and the quest for power are often underlying causes for war. / Conflict occurs when compromise over land, national identity and colonial possessions is no longer an option between those in authority and those they serve. /

Splits in the Movement By 1965, some division within movement Despite victories over dejure segregation (by law), defacto segregation (by practice) held strong in many cities, including North Poverty and unequal opportunities persisted More radical methods being discussed Demand for immediate equality leads to urban violence in many cities nationwide

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Malcolm and the Nation of Islam Many African Americans begin to question if non-violence is working Malcolm X, spokesman for Nation of Islam, encourages separation, self defense, equality “by any means necessary”

Malcolm and the Nation of Islam After trip to Mecca in 1964, Malcolm softens stance, breaks with Nation of Islam “If you and I don’t use the ballot, we’re going to be forced to use the bullet. So let us try the ballot.” Assassinated in 1965 by members of the Nation of Islam

Black Power Movement James Meredith (who integrated Ole Miss) is shot during a march in 1966 Many members of SNCC become militant, led by Stokely Carmichael Calls for Black Power – emphasis on racial pride and self determination in political, economic, and social matters Break with King, who feared it would lead to violence

Black Panthers Militant group founded in Oakland by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Protest police brutality, advocated employment, fair housing, and self sufficiency Violent shootouts with police and FBI, but grassroots activities in community win support

1968: Turning Points 2 April, MLK in Memphis supporting strike by sanitation workers Assassinated on hotel balcony by James Earl Ray Worst rioting in US history in over 100 cities

1968: Turning Points June, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy, Democratic candidate for President in assassinated by Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan for support of Israel RFK’s death is a blow to Civil Rights movement Nixon wins election of 1968; does not promote Civil Rights Movement is hurt by rapid death of two leaders

Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement Kerner Commission Report – reported that urban violence was based on inequality in society, urged government action End of legal segregation (dejure) Introduction of affirmative action Civil Rights Act of 1968 ends housing discrimination Political power for African Americans Greater racial pride and greater equality Work to be done?

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