1. Civil Rights Movement

2. Segregation Plessy v Ferguson (1896)- segregation is legal
Jim Crow laws- separated facilities
Challenging Segregation
NAACP: led fight against segregation
Brown v Board of Ed. (1955)- schools must desegregate
Thurgood Marshall- attorney for NAACP
Earl Warren- chief justice of Supreme Ct

4. Reaction to Brown 500 schools desegregated w/in year
2nd court ruling- “with all deliberate speed”
Little Rock Crisis
9 black students enrolled in Central HS
Gov. Faubus called Nat. Guard to keep them out
President Eisenhower had students escorted by army soldiers

6. Montgomery Bus Boycott
Sparked by Rosa Parks (1955)- led by ML King
Lasted for one year and was successful

7. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Led by King
Preached nonviolent disobedience; organized protests throughout the south
Helped form SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)- staged sit-ins

8. Freedom Riders Protesters rode buses into segregated cities
Many attacked and killed
JFK ordered federal marshals to protect riders
Success: interstate facilities desegregated

9. Birmingham
King organized march to protest segregation and was arrested
King organized children’s march
May 3, 1963: Police Chief Bull Conner broke up march w/ police dogs and fire hoses
JFK demanded a civil rights law

10. March on Washington
August 28, 1963: 100th anniversary of Emanc. Proclamation
Assembled near Washington Monument
“I Have a Dream” speech
Led to Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prohibited discrimination)

11. Voting Rights Selma March
Struggles: poll tax, literacy test, grandfather clause
Attempts to register voters (many killed)
Voting Rights Act of eliminated literacy test, federal gov’t could register voters

13. Problems in the North De facto segregation (custom and practice)
De jure segregation (law)
Riots in major cities
Kerner Commission- investigated root of violence and placed blame on white society

14. Malcolm X Joined Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)
Preached pride in identity; armed self-defense
Disagreed w/ Black Muslims and left group
Shot during a speech (Nation of Islam blamed)

15. Stokely Carmichael Leader of SNCC
Black Power-lead own organizations, separation, retaliation, celebrate African culture

16. Black Panthers Founded by Huey Newton, Bobby Seale
Advocated taking control of own communities

17. 1968: The End Dr. King assassination- April 4, 1968 (James E. Ray)
Robert Kennedy assassination- June 5, 1968 (Sirhan Sirhan)
Election of Nixon (Republican who slowed integration)
King assassination