WELCOME BACK!! Unit 7: 2 parts THIS WEEK: Quiz Thurs, 1/12B & Fri, 1/13A Segregation & Discrimination Westward Movement TEST IN MID-FEBRUARY Immigration Industrialization Urbanization Progressive Reform

The Jim Crow Era: Segregation and Discrimination

In The South: Segregation through Jim Crow laws Limited freedoms for African-Americans Separation of races in public and private facilities Voting Restrictions Literacy test – Must be able to pass a test to vote Poll tax – Must pay a tax to vote Grandfather clause – Exempt from those if your family voted before the war Physical Violence Ku Klux Klan Lynchings and Beatings

Lynching in the South

Plessy v. Ferguson African-American activists try to protest unfair state segregation laws 1896 – Plessy vs. Ferguson Supreme Court case Established the idea of “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL” The Supreme Court said this did not violate the 14th Amendment (which promised legal equality) Allowed segregation and Jim Crow laws in the South, as long as “equal” services were provided In 1890, the State of Louisiana passed Act 111 that required separate accommodations for African Americans and Whites on railroads, including separate railway cars, though it specified that the accommodations must be kept "equal". Concerned, several African Americans and Whites in New Orleans formed an association, the Citizen's Committee to Test the Separate Car Act, dedicated to the repeal of that law. They raised $1412.70 ($33768.76 in 2008 USD) which they offered to the then-famous author and Radical Republican jurist, Albion W. Tourgée, to serve as lead counsel for their test case. Tourgée agreed to do it pro bono. Later, they enlisted Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth black (an octoroon in the now-antiquated parlance), to serve as plaintiff. Their choice of a plaintiff who could "pass" for white was a deliberate attempt to exploit the lack of clear racial definition in either science or law so as to argue that segregation by race was an "unreasonable" use of state power. The intellectual roots of Plessy v. Ferguson were in part tied to the scientific racism of the era. However, the popular support for the decision was more likely a result of the racist beliefs held by most whites at the time.[1] The case On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy boarded a car of the East Louisiana Railroad that was designated by whites for use by white patrons only. Although Plessy was one-eighth black and seven-eighths white, under Louisiana state law he was classified as an African-American, and thus required to sit in the "colored" car. When Plessy refused to leave the white car and move to the colored car, he was arrested and jailed. In his case, Homer Adolph Plessy v. The State of Louisiana, Plessy argued that the East Louisiana Railroad had denied him his constitutional rights under the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States. However, the judge presiding over his case, John Howard Ferguson, ruled that Louisiana had the right to regulate railroad companies as long as they operated within state boundaries. Plessy sought a writ of prohibition. Plessy took it to the Supreme Court of Louisiana where he again found an unreceptive ear, as the state Supreme Court upheld Judge Ferguson's ruling. Undaunted, Plessy appealed to the United States Supreme Court in 1896. Two legal briefs were submitted on Plessy's behalf. One was signed by Albion W. Tourgée and James C. Walker and the other by Samuel F. Phillips and his legal partner F. D. McKenney. Oral arguments were held before the Supreme Court on April 13, 1896. Only Tourgée and Phillips appeared in the courtroom to speak for the plaintiff (Plessy himself was not present). It would become one of the most famous decisions in American history. his great-grandmother was African-American "We, as freemen, still believe that we were right and our cause is sacred."

1950s

The North: “The Great Migration” Still faced racial discrimination Blacks moved to Northern cities for better paying jobs and social equality Still faced racial discrimination Segregated neighborhoods Workplace discrimination

RESPONSES OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS

Ida B. Wells She led an anti-lynching crusade Called for the federal government to take action

Booker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute Gradual path to equality is through vocational education and economic success Criticized for accepting segregation

W.E.B. Du Bois Demanded immediate political equality and civil rights for African-Americans Formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 Ph.D. from Harvard Founded the Niagara Movement: to promote university education for African-Americans Clip

Assignment – Use your notes, the video, and pages 530-531 in your book. Compare and contrast the views of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. du Bois in a Venn Diagram: Booker T. Washington W.E.B. du Bois

Compare and contrast the views of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B Compare and contrast the views of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. du Bois in a Venn Diagram: W.E.B. du Bois Booker T. Washington