1. African-American Discrimination and Segregation

2. Voting Discrimination
After Reconstruction black voting rights limited
GrandfatherClause
- Poll Tax
- Literacy tests

3. Jim Crow Laws
After reconstruction, many Southern state governments passed “Jim Crow” laws forcing separation of the races in public places.

4. Jim Crow Laws: Series of laws passed in the South that forced separation of the races in public places (segregation)

5. Segregation- Separating of the Races
Jim Crow Laws- laws that legalized segregation
Segregation- Separating of the Races
By the 1890;s all southern states had legally segregated public transportation, schools parks and other public places.

7. Plessy v. Ferguson
African Americans were harassed, intimidated, and sometimes lynched. African Americans looked to the courts to safeguard their rights.
The United States Supreme Court ruled on civil rights issues. Their rulings, as in the Plessy v. Ferguson, upheld the “Jim Crow” laws and did not provide relief for African Americans.

8. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Supreme Court case that ruled “separate but equal” did not violate the 14th Amendment

9. Plessy v. Ferguson
Homer Plessy was denied a seat in a first class railway car
Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” facilities did not violate the 14th amendment
Legalized segregation

12. Early African American Civil Rights Leaders
The various responses of African Americans to discrimination and segregation were exemplified by the following leaders:
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. DuBois
Ida B. Wells

13. Booker T. Washington
Gradual integration is the best way. African Americans should accept some forms of segregation
“no race can prosper until it learns there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem."

14. Booker T. Washington: Former slave, stressed industrial education.
Economic Success

15. Tuskegee Institute
Technical College created by Booker T. Washington to train African-Americans in skills needed by white Americans

16. Economic Equality will lead to Acceptance
Booker T. Washington
Economic Equality will lead to Acceptance

17. W.E.B. Du Bois: Graduated from Harvard University
Education without Equality is worthless

18. W.E.B. Du Bois Niagara Falls Convention
Demanded that the U.S. government enforce the Constitutional rights of A.A.’s
Most important:
Voting

19. Demanding Their Rights
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. DuBois
Get a job and be a good citizen and social equality will follow
Founded Tuskegee Institute.
Africans should achieve social equality FIRST!
Helped form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
N.A.A.C.P

20. Ida B. Wells Journalist who wrote of the horrors of lynching
Forced to move after repeated threats on her life

21. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Created by W.E.B. DuBois & Ida Wells
Fight racism in court

22. Marcus Garvey A.A.’s could never be equal in America
Back to Africa campaign
Created shipping company to help A.A.’s return to Africa

23. Great Migration
Large scale exodus of A.A.’s from the rural South to the urban North & farms of the west

24. Great Migration
During the early twentieth century, African Americans began the “Great Migration” to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South.
World War I had a great impact on this migration because of the factories that opened to produce war supplies were located in northern cities.