1. Inequalities and Responses

2. Jim Crow Laws
Designed to keep blacks from exercising their rights under the 15th Amendment
Literacy tests: had to prove you could read and comprehend in order to vote
Poll taxes: had to pay a fee to vote
Grandfather clauses: anyone whose ancestor had voted in past elections was exempt from literacy tests or poll taxes
Other Jim Crow laws would enforce segregation in all public facilities

3. “De jure” Segregation Segregation under the law or legal segregation
Many Southern states passed laws banning blacks and whites from mixing in public spaces such as restaurants, schools, hospitals, theaters, restrooms, etc.

4. “De facto” Segregation
Segregation “in fact”
Not required by law, but rather due to social norms
For example, many churches and neighborhoods remain segregated today due to de facto segregation – by the choice of the people

5. Plessy v. Ferguson
1896
Homer Plessy (who was 1/8th black) was arrested in Louisiana for sitting in a whites-only car on a train
Plessy sued, saying the Louisiana law was unconstitutional, but the Supreme Court ruled that so long as facilities were supplied to both blacks and whites that were “separate but equal” then de jure segregation was legal

6. Two African American Intellectuals Two Approaches to Equality
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. DuBois
Common Question: “What should African Americans do to get their place in society?”

7. Booker T. Washington 1856-1915 Born a slave
Educated at Hampton University
Founder of Tuskegee University

8. B.T. Washington’s Plan
Blacks should not blame whites for their situation
Blacks should start from the bottom and work up
Build economic base with farming/industry
ACCEPT Jim Crow: work for economic opportunity
Civil/political rights NOT as important as economic opportunity
Developed programs for job training & vocational skills
Encouraged blacks to achieve economic freedom by learning a blue- collar trade
Believed that racial equality would have to be earned over generations, would not come overnight

9. Approach made him popular to influential whites
Dined with President Roosevelt in 1901

10. Asked whites to give job opportunities to black people
Popular with white leaders in North/South
Unpopular with many black leaders

11. Niagara Movement Founded in 1905
Civil rights movement which sought a “mighty current” of change
Called for an end to segregation and open opposition in the black community to beliefs like Booker T. Washington’s

12. W.E.B. DuBois 1868-1963 Born in Boston, Mass. as a free black
Educated at Fisk and Harvard University
Initially supported
B. T. Washington

13. DuBois's Plan Criticized Washington’s approach
“The problem of the 20th century will be the color line.”
Demanded immediate equality
Blacks should get educated
Argued that blacks should strive to achieve jobs in management and professional fields and be strongly politically active to safeguard their legal rights
Refused to accept segregation as a social norm, also refused to wait for social equality
Later emigrated to Africa

14. NAACP Founded by 60 people - 7 African American (DuBois, Ida B. Wells)
Goal was to secure for all people the rights guaranteed in the 13th 14th and 15th amendments
First president was a white lawyer
DuBois directed Publications and Research

15. Who Would Have Said It?.. For each quote, identify the speaker: Booker T or WEB?
“Demand equality and demand it now!”
“Be a plumber, be an electrician...get a job and earn the respect of the white man.”
“We are just as smart any white person, if not smarter! We shouldn’t need to prove that! Demand that Jim Crow laws be repealed throughout the South now!”