Harvard Referencing Elspeth Woods 3 October 2012

Notes Referencing is a vital academic writing skill Can be learned with time and practice Not difficult – just follow the logic – Use the fact sheet! Various methods dependent upon discipline  Mainly Harvard or Numeric. HARVARD is the method used for most UK academic courses

WHY REFERENCE? Intellectual property Whenever you use published work (in a book, journal or website – known collectively as ‘the literature’), academic convention requires that you credit the original creator of the knowledge with ownership of their intellectual property. Referencing is the formal acknowledgement that knowledge (ideas, models, theories, arguments, research findings and conclusions) you have presented in your work is not your own. Plagiarism, therefore, is the deliberate or inadvertent theft of intellectual property

PLAGIARISM – WHAT IT IS, AND WHAT IT ISN’T Form Description Legitimate practice   Cheating The deliberate use of deceit to pass someone else’s work off as your own NONE, ever! Copying Making something similar or identical All direct quotations must be faithfully reproduced and credited to the author as a citation (author/date/page number) in the text with corresponding reference details in the bibliography Collusion Secret or illegal co-operation to deceive by two or more people Group work prescribed by a module – you must check exactly when group work ends and independent work begins! Paraphrasing To express meaning using different words When you put someone else’s ideas into your own words you must credit the author in the text and enter a corresponding reference in the bibliography.

HOW TO CITE AND REFERENCE USING THE HARVARD SYSTEM Citation Short, multi-part description of a specific information source that credits the author with intellectual ownership of that information and is stated within the text. There are only two formats in the Harvard System: For a direct quotation: author/date/page number, and For a paraphrase: author/date   Reference Long, multi-part description of a specific information that credits the author with intellectual ownership and informs the reader as to precisely where the information comes from in its (usually) published form. Each source cited in the text has a corresponding reference that is included in the bibliography. Bibliography A list of all references that correspond with citations supplied in the text. The list is ordered alphabetically by author (or organisation) name regardless of the format of the original source (eg book, journal, website). Citations and references are inseparable – seen together or not at all! For every in-text citation there must be a corresponding reference in the bibliography. For every reference in the bibliography there must be at least one corresponding in-text citation (never include sources you did not cite).

HOW TO CREATE REFERENCE ENTRIES FOR THE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Journal

Online Journal

Webpage

VARIATIONS   Editions Any edition other than the first is indicated in the reference entry eg: Brown, J. (2005) Teaching Reading (3rd ed) Bristol: Penguin Books   Two or more entries (same author/same year) To distinguish between two or more sources published by an author/organisation in the same year, apply sequential numbering in the text eg: DfES:1 (2003), DfES:2 (2003) Two or more titles (same author/ different years) Suppose you use two books by the same author but published in different years. In the text you would cite the author and date eg Apple (2006) and Apple (1999) as appropriate. In the bibliography you reference both books and list them in date order eg Apple, D. (1999) The Student Experience London: Imp Publishing Apple, D. (2006) After Your Degree London: Imp Publishing Newspaper article – journalist named Treat as an article by any named author in the text eg Green (2004), reference to Green eg: Green, D. (2004) Truancy levels stagnate despite massive spending In The Times (01 May 2004) Newspaper article – no journalist Accredit the paper in the text eg The Times (2004), reference to the paper eg Times, The (2004) Truancy levels stagnate despite massive spending (01 May 2004) Online newspapers Use the indicators as for any online material eg Available from [WWW] www.timesonline.co.uk/articleInd1009546 Viewed August 2006 A book with editors Many academic books are collections of chapters that are attributable to individual authors – the index will indicate if this is the case. To reference an individual author’s work in the text, cite in the usual way eg Blue (2005, p63). The reference entry is also attributed to the chapter author using the In facility eg: Blue, E. (2005) Participation or Just Access In Tom, G. and Dick, H (eds) (2005) A Tale of Widening Participation London: Varsity Press

HOW TO CITE IN-TEXT

Direct quotations • Direct quotations are faithful reproductions (word for word copies) of the author’s words • Citations take the form author/date/page number. There are two forms: 1. Short quotes (less than 15 words) which are sited within the text and always have quotation marks (either ‘ ’ or “ ” but be consistent) 2. Long quotes (15 or more words) are always separated from the body of the text, equally indented from left and right margins and never have quotation marks • Web pages may not have a page number, you can either 1. Paraphrase (no page number required), or 2. Indicate in the text that this is online material eg In an online article published by the Centre for Children’s Literature, Weinreich (2000) argues that …’quotation’. This shows your reader/marker that you know a page number is required but there isn’t one available.

Paraphrases To paraphrase is to reproduce (an idea, theory, notion) in your own words You must still cite the author – it’s only your words – it’s still their idea! Citations take the form author/date, paraphrases never require a page number

CREATING A BIBLIOGRAPHY Bartlet, S., Burton, D., Peim, N. (2001) Introduction to Education Studies London: Paul Chapman Publishing Cantor, S. (2003) Students that work with what works In Journal for Continuing Education Volume 6, issue 4, pp 52-69 Available from [WWW] http://content.ebsco.com/fulltext.asp?wasp=b220d67ck97unwf9013h&ext=.pdf Viewed August 2006 Dixon, T. (2004) How to get a First Available from [WWW] http:www.topdegrees.com/how_to.html Viewed August 2006 Points to note • The bibliography only contains the sources consulted and cited • It is ordered alphabetically by author/organisation name • The et al (meaning ‘and others’) used in the text is expanded to include all three authors but et al can also be used in a reference entry where there are four plus authors • If any sources had had two authors, it would be set out thus: Green, B. and Brown, T. (date)… • There are no first names or ‘status indicators’ eg Dr, Professor, Ms • A surname (family name) is followed by a coma, an initial is followed by a full stop • The publication (edition not print) date is always in brackets • It is the title of the collection that is emphasised (book, journal) or web page