1. Why and how….?

2. Referencing  This is very important for Task 1 and then for all other written assignments on this course  It will take time to get it right but you need to keep consulting the University guidelines and keep practicing  Referencing guidelines can be found on the module website on Webct. Go to assessment guidelines and then resources for task 1  2 RLOs  1) General introduction in ‘’What is referencing?’’  2) Detailed guidelines on how to reference in ‘’Referencing your work using Harvard’’

3. Why ?  To show that you have read, understood and used other peoples work in your essays / assignments  To show that you are not plagiarising work  To allow the reader to follow up your sources of information

4. How? – Harvard System  2 aspects to correct referencing  1) how to cite the references in the text of your essay  2) how to construct a reference list at the end of your essay

5. Citing references in the text of your essay  Smith (2005) has found that nursing students really enjoy writing essays  Research has shown that students really like writing essays (Smith 2005)  In the above examples I have used Smith’s ideas and put these into my own words

6. Citing in the text of your essay – direct quotations  Smith (2005 p25) states ‘’Students liked many aspects of their course but especially enjoyed writing essays’’  ‘’Students liked many aspects of their course but especially enjoyed writing essays’’ (Smith 2005 p25)  In the above examples I have lifted the words from Smith’s text and put them straight into my essay

7. Direct Quotations  Use them infrequently  A direct quotation shows that you can copy phrases / sentences from other sources and then put them straight into your work  A direct quotation does not really show that you understand the ideas  Instead – it is best to put author’s ideas into your own words and then cite the author in your text as the source of these ideas

8. Citing in the text of your essay  Use surname only – not first name or initials  Always include the year of publication  If the work has two authors – include both in your text (and both in the reference list)  If the work has 3 authors you must cite all three the first time you use it eg Smith, Brown and Green (2005) but then you can use Smith et. al. (2005) any other times you use it  you must write all authors in the reference list

9. Citing in the text of your essay  If the work has more than three authors, the first time you cite it in your essay you can list the first three authors and then et. al. eg Brown, Smith, Jones et. al. (2008).  The next time you cite it you can use Brown et.al. (2008)

10. Reference list at the end of your essay  References are listed by authors - in alphabetical order (not numbered)  Include all authors’ surnames and initials (even if there are 12 authors!)  Highlight, underline or put in italics the title of the book or the title of the journal

11. Reference list  Text book  Smith, P. (2005) Students on Nursing Courses. London: Jones Press

12. Reference list  Journal  Smith, P. (2005) Students’ experiences on the diploma in nursing. Nurse Education Today. 85(5): 25-30

13. Secondary referencing  When you have read a book or article and the author makes reference to someone else’s work.  If you are reading Smiths work and he cites work by Jones.  You want to use Jones’ ideas in your essay

14. Secondary referencing  In your essay you would need to cite Jones even though you have not read Jones’s actual work  For example - Jones (2003 cited in Smith 2008) found that not all nurses like writing essays

15. Secondary referencing  Then in your reference list you only need to reference the source you have read – in this case Smith (2008)  Try to avoid secondary referencing if you can. Always go to the original work (Jones in this case) and read that if available.  Many secondary references in your essay gives an initial impression to the reader that you have read a lot of material – but you may have taken them all from one source only

16. Referencing  Some other aspects of referencing you need to check  Multiple works by the same author  Book editions  Books with editors  Electronic journals  Internet sources  Reports  Newspapers  Local documents