1. HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM
Academic Referencing
HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM
U. SAIDI
2015

2. OBJECTIVES By the end of this lecture you should be able to
Identify information used in referencing.
Carry out intext referencing using Harvard style
Draw up a typical reference list (endtext) using Harvard.

3. Definition
A system which allows academics to acknowledge sources used in coming up with an academic write-up.
Reasons
To avoid plagiarism
To authenticate one’s work
To allow reader/marker to verify or trace where one has taken his/her information from
To demonstrate academic maturity and professionalism

4. Forms of academic referencing
Intext referencing
this is citation within the body of the essay.
Realised as either paraphrasing (presenting a scholar’s idea in your own words—makes up 80% of the intext referencing (Sinfield and Burns, 2004)
Or as a direct quotation (presenting scholarly ideas, points verbatim). Direct quotations are presented in quotation marks “ ” or ‘ ’ for short (1-3 lines) quotations. And Indented (Indention/indentation – where justified space if left on both margins when directly quoting a long quotation 3+ lines)

5. Endtext
The list of references at the end of the essay. It should reflect all referenced sources as used in the essay. This is a comprehensive list contain full details of a source.
Details of an authentic source
Names of authors ( Surnames and Initials)
Year of publication (of that particular copy)
Titles (Book, article, album, show, documentary…)
Publisher (e.g. Mambo Press, Jongwe Printers)
Place/City of publication (Harare, Gweru)
Websites (for online sources)
Dates (in case of newspapers)
Volumes, Issue Number, (journals, magazines)

6. Key Surname (Sur) Initial (I) Year of Publication (Yr) Book Title (BT)
Place of Publication (Place/City)
Title of Article (TT)
Volume (Vol.)
Et. al (and other scholars)

7. What does Harvard say? When we are paraphrasing?
A source by ONE author
Sur (Yr) (Arrow representing information presented)
e.g. Moyo (2010) argues that…
A source by TWO authors
Sur and Sur (Yr)
e.g. Moyo and Hunzvi (2010) disagree by saying…
A source by THREE authors
Sur, Sur and Sur (Yr)
e.g. Clark, Moyo and Hunzvi (2010) disagree by saying…

8. A source by THREE/FOUR + authors
Sur et al. (Yr)
e.g. Moyo et al. (2013) argue that…
EDITED SOURCES
A source by ONE editor
Sur (ed.) (Yr)
e.g. Moyo (ed.) (2000) argues that…
A source by TWO editors
Sur and Sur (eds.) (Yr)
e.g. Moyo and Ncube (eds.) (2001) argues that…
A source by THREE editors
Sur, Sur and Sur (eds.) (Yr)
e.g. Moyo, Ncube and Sur (eds.) (2001) argues that…

9. A source by THREE/FOUR + editors
Sur et al. (eds.) (Yr)
e.g. Clark et al. (eds.) (2001) argue that…

10. When direct quoting A source by ONE author
Sur (Yr:10) “ ” or indented.
e.g. Moyo (2010:10) argues that…
A source by TWO authors
Sur and Sur (Yr:18) “ ”
e.g. Moyo and Hunzvi (2010:18) disagree by saying…
A source by THREE authors
Sur, Sur and Sur (Yr:87) “ ”
e.g. Clark, Moyo and Hunzvi (2010:87) disagree by saying…

11. NB
By factoring PAGE NUMBERS in the Yr. bracket separated by colon [:] (where information is presented with quotation marks or indented) allows you to account for direct quotations.
Nothing changes for edited sources; factor PAGE NUMBERS.
Sur (Yr:10 in Sur Yr:409) info
e.g. Hunzvi (2010:10 in Moyo 2013:409) “jfdjghdhg”

12. ANY QUESTIONS?

13. ENDTEXT The Harvard Calls its endtext REFERENCE LIST
RULES TO BE FOLLOWED WHEN DRAWING UP A REFERENCE LIST
1. Sources should be presented on a fresh page
2. Do not NUMBER Sources instead arrange them in alphabetical order
3. All sources cited in the INTEXT should make a re- comeback.
4. Be Neat

14. REFERENCE LIST Sur, I. (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.
Moyo, P. (2010) My Book, Gweru: Mambo Press.
Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.
Moyo, P. and Clark, C. (2010) My Book, Gweru: Mambo Press.
Sur, I., Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher. Moyo, P., Neyo, K. and Zuzu, D. (2010) My Book, Gweru: Mambo Press.
Sur, I. et al. (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.
Moyo, P. et al. (2010) Books, Gweru: Mambo Press.

15. Edited books Sur, I. (ed.) (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.
Moyo, P. (ed.)(2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.
Sur, I. and Sur, I. (eds.) (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.
Moyo, P. and Clark, C. (eds.) (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.
Sur, I., Sur, I. and Sur, I. (eds.)(Yr) BT, Place: Publisher. Moyo, P., Neyo, K. and Zuzu, D. (eds.) (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.
Sur, I. et al. (eds.)(Yr) BT, Place: Publisher.
Moyo, P. et al. (eds.)(2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.
Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’ in Sur, I. (ed.) BT, Place: Publisher.
Moyo, P. 2010) ‘Computers’ in Dube, K. (ed.) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.

16. Articles (From Journals, Newspapers etc
Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, Journal Name Vol. No., Place: Publisher.
Moyo, P. (2010) ‘My Information’, Journal of Information Vol.6. No. 8, Gweru: Mambo Press.
Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, Name of Newspaper, Dates
Moyo, P. and Clark, C. (2010) ‘My Information’, The Herald, 8 March 2013.
Sur, I., Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, Journal Name Vol. No., Place: Publisher. Moyo, P., Neyo, K. and Zuzu, D. (2010) ‘My Information’, Journal of Computers Vol.7. No.5, Gweru: Mambo Press.
Sur, I. et al. (Yr) ‘TT’, Name of Magazine Volume Number: Publisher.
Moyo, P. et al. (2010) ‘My Information’, Parade Issue 6 No. 8, Gweru: Mambo Press.

17. ONLINE SOURCES
Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, [online] Journal Name Vol. No., Web address, date accessed.
Moyo, P. (2010) ‘My Information’, [online] Journal of Information 6 (8) Available at Accessed on 8 March 2013.
Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’,[Online] Name of Newspaper, Dates, Web add, Date Accessed.
Moyo, P. and Clark, C. (2010) ‘My Information’, [Online] The Herald, 8 March 2013, Available at Accessed on 7 March 2013.
Sur, I., Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, [Online] Journal Name Vol. No., Web Moyo, P., Neyo, K. and Zuzu, D. (2010) ‘My Information’, [Online] Journal of Computers 7(5) Available at Accessed on 3 February 2013.
Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, [online] Journal Name Vol. No., doi.
Moyo, P. (2010) ‘My Information’, [online] Journal of Information 6 (8) doi: /

18. ANY QUESTIONS?

19. Task
Draw up a TYPICAL reference list of the following sources using a reference system recommended in your area of study. (Indicate which reference system you have used).
Patrick, Redman, book, Good Essay Writing. Published by Sage in the British Capital, [2]
Reverend Edgar Keen edited a book called Natural Language. Published in 1988 by CUP, Cambridge. [2]
Prof. John Smith’s chapter called ‘One Hundred’ which appeared in Wil Jones’ edited book called Information about health. It is a brown book published by Oxford UP in Oxford whose address is Baker Street, Oxford [2]
Mr. Gabriel Wringe’s article ‘How Students Fail’ appeared in the RELC JOURNAL Vol. 6. No. 8. Pages 120 to [2]

20. NEXT LECTURE
We are to carry referencing USING APA (American Psychological Association) and (MLA) Modern Languages Association )
Please research in advance.

21. HOMEWORK Go into the library and look for the following sources
A book by one author
A book by four authors
A book edited by two scholars
A journal article by two scholars
A newspaper article by one author
A newsletter article by one author
One online source
A dissertation
A television programme
A song
Q: DRAW UP A REFERENCE LIST USING HARVARD

22. NB
Have you signed today’s register?

23. Welcome to Varsity & Happy studying
Until next time
Welcome to Varsity & Happy studying