1. CITATION vs. PLAGIARISM INTRODUCTION Citation is the act of identifying sources. There are two types of citation.  Citation as a note or reference  Citation as material directly quoted A citation names the author and the title of the work and provides sufficient bibliographic information to allow the reader to track down the original source.

2. GUIDELINES FOR CITING THE IDEAS OF OTHERS CITATION SHOULD FOLLOW THESE PRINCIPLES:  Cite only the most appropriate and latest literature  Cite the published literature  Cite direct quotations and paraphrases, ideas and data taken from original sources  Accuracy in citation must be guaranteed  Be tentative in citation rather than to assertive  Do not cite more than is necessary  Do not put a “catch-all” citation at the end of a paragraph  Cite all you use

3. IN-TEXT CITATION You must cite another researcher whenever referring to his or her results, conclusions, or methods. Usually, the reference in the text is made only to the author’s name and date of publication. There are three ways of doing this:  Both name and date enclosed in parentheses (Grubb, 1977).  Make the last name of the researcher the subject or object of the sentence followed by the date. Grubb (1977) found that....  To emphasize the date of the study omit the parenthesis. As early as 1977, Grubb observed that....

4. IN-TEXT CITATION CONTINUED It is INCORRECT to separate the date of publication from the author’s name If more than one author has reached the same conclusion or worked on the same problem, separate their names by semicolons (Grubb, 1977; Smith, 1980; Taylor, 1983. In the case of more than three authors, you may use “et al.” after the first authors name. However, some journals just cite only the sequence of the references in the text in order to save space. For example: Vibration is used to prepare uniform... [3,7,12,16,19]. In this example the numbers refer to references 3,7,12,16,and 19 cited on the reference page at the end of the article.

5. FOOTNOTES The use of Footnotes is marked by adding a number in upper case to the upper right corner of the words or sentences to be noted 1, and then note # 1... Is written at the bottom of the page. Footnotes may be numbered by the page or more often by the whole paper. (1-25)

6. ENDNOTES Endnotes are sometimes put at the end of the article. They help readers understand and retrieve relevant documentations. But their separation from the content of the article also cases a certain degree of inconvenience (see pg. 72 for examples)

7. PLAGIARISM Plagiarism is the act of using someone else’s ideas or words either in spoken or written form without giving that person credit. Drawing upon other peoples ideas is appropriate and necessary when writing academic essays, but the originator must be given credit by using proper citing techniques as described above. Everyone is ethically and legally obligated to give proper credit to idea originators and to acknowledge all borrowings from other sources even if the exact words are not those of the originator; It is the idea itself that counts!

8. Plagiarism includes:  Quoting material without attribution.  Passing off another’s idea as your own, even if it has been reworded.  Imitating a passage’s structure or argument without attribution.  Concealing the extent to which borrowing from a text or other source has occurred.

9. Methods to Avoid Plagiarism:  Summarize what you have read immediately after you have read it and without referring back to the source to avoid copying directly from the source.  Scribble notes, in your own words in the margin of the paper.  When copying or paraphrasing be sure to note the page number from which it comes.  Document all the sources quoted in the “References” section.

10. PARAPHRASE EXERCISES IN THE SPACE PROVIDED IN YOUR BOOKS PG. 74-75 PARAPHRASE THE PARAGRAPH TITLED “THE PRESIDENT PROPOSES BUT CONGESS DISPOSES” PAGE 74 AND SUMMARIZE THE PASSAGE WRITTEN OUT ON PAGE 75