1. Harvard (Author Date) referencing

2. Why Reference? To avoid plagiarism. To show your research
To help the reader find the sources used
To help you find a source again

3. There are two parts to referencing
In-text citation
Reference list (Bibliography)

4. In-text citation
In-text citations are needed when you quote or paraphrase an author.
Harvard Referencing uses the ‘author-date’ system

5. Referencing quotes
Quotes are referenced in-text using the following format:
(Author’s last name Year of publication, Page number/s)
You may use the author’s name in a sentence, omitting it from the brackets. For example:
Evans (2003, p. 157) states that……

6. Examples of short quotations
A short quote will be written as follows. According to Evans (2003, p. 60), “The lessons of 25 April had gone unlearned." Another way to write a quote could look like this. “The invasion of the Suvla Bay area was characterized by a lack of energy . . .” (Evans 2003, p. 127). The quote used here is not the full sentence, so no full stop has been used within the quotation marks.

7. Example of a longer quotation
A longer quote is one that is two or more sentences long. I this case the quote is formatted differently. The quote is indented (left and right margins) and a smaller font is used.
"Get ready for university study introduces some of the key skills needed for successful university-level study . . .the resource benefits a wide audience, from school-leavers, new and potential students, to postgraduates, professionals and others." (Smith 2008, p )
After the quote, standard font size and margins are used to continue with the essay.

8. Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is presenting the ideas or information of others using your own words. Quotation marks are not used, and there is no change to the layout. Remember, page numbers are not included. Examples
Although the materials were originally developed for a comparatively small user group, many others have also found them useful. (Smith, 2008).
According to Smith (2008), although the materials were originally developed for a comparatively small user group, many others have also found them useful.

9. Footnotes

10. Interviews, emails & letters
Information used from personal communication also needs to be referenced in text. It will not be put in the reference list.
The format is:
Name of interviewee, Year, Per. Comm., day and Month
e.g.
(T Hogan, 2015, Per. Comm., 22 March)
Note: Initial comes before surname when referencing personal communication.

11. The Reference list
The reference list gives full details of sources you have referenced in your text
A bibliography gives full details of sources you used in your research, but didn’t reference in your text
The bibliography is put at the end of the essay. References are put in alphabetical order

12. Books are to be referenced as follows
Use the same name format (surname, initial) for books with 2 authors.
For more than 2 authors, use the first authors name followed by et al.
which is Latin for “and others”

13. Websites are referenced in the format shown bellow

14. If you can’t determine the author of the web page, cite in this format

15. Time to put it all into practice!
Write a bibliographic reference for the following:

20. Here’s how it should look….
Cameron, A.D, 1981, Exploring History: Young Workers in the Industrial Revolution, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.
The next excerpt is from the same book. You need to write:
One short quote
One long quote
One paraphrased section