1. References Why & How?

2. Why provide references? b Acknowledge and refer to previous work  Avoid plagiarism b Indicate your sources and provide authority for your evidence. b justify and support your arguments b enable comparisons b express things better than you can  Use quotes properly and sparingly b demonstrate familiarity with the literature on a subject

3. Using references b References comprise two parts  The citation in the text  The list of references or bibliography at the end b The citation alerts the reader to the source you have consulted for this particular piece of evidence. b The list of references enables the reader to go and read the original source, should they so wish. b So; both are essential.

4. Bibliographic details b Author(s) b Year of publication b Title of article (in full) b For journals  volume, part, pages b For books  Edition  (Chapter and/or pages)  Location and Name of Publisher. b Keep these records in electronic format.

5. Citing References b By name (The Harvard System)  Smith (2000) showed that...  It has be argued that … (Jones 1999)  With multiple authors list both authors if there are two or use et al after the first author’s name for more than two b The Number system  Smith (6) showed that …  It has been argued that 7 …  Only use superscripts if they are not to be used for other purposes.

6. Listing References (Bibliography) b Citing by name  List in alphabetical order of first author’s name  Single authors before joint authors, date order (a, b, c etc for more than one in a year). b Citing by number  Either  Numbered in order of first appearance in text  Or  Numbered in alphabetical order

7. Advantages/Disadvantages b Harvard system  Authors name serves as a reminder  Easy to Add/removing citations  Can make text look cluttered & interrupt flow b Number system  Takes little space  less distracting for reader  Adding/removing citations involves renumbering. b Use whichever you feel comfortable with, but be consistent

8. For more details Go to the DISSC Website: http://dissc.tees.ac.uk/mainmenu.html