Memory Chapter 7

3 Kinds of Memory Episodic Memory Generic Memory Procedural Memory A memory of a specific experienced event Examples Flashbulb Memory Generic Memory General knowledge and information that can be recalled Procedural Memory Memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned

3 Processes of memory-Encoding Can you remember the series? OTTFFSSENT 483749833 Translation of information into a form in which it can be stored Visual Codes Acoustic Codes Semantic Codes Memory Tricks* Mnemonic Devices Peg-Word Chunking Memory Tricks in “Thinking About Psychology”

Forgetting: Encoding Failure Can we forget what we have not encoded? Which way does Thomas Jefferson face on the nickel? Never encoded the information in the first place

3 Processes of memory- storage The maintenance of encoded information over a period of time Maintenance Rehearsal Repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting Elaborative Rehearsal Make information meaningful by relating it to information already well known Organizational Systems & Filing Errors

Forgetting: Storage Failure Do memories fade over time? Permastore Memory Most memory loss occurs in the first few days Forgetting Curve—Herman Ebbinghaus: studied vocabulary…most vocab was lost in 3 years, however, words remembered after 3 years like to remain for at least quarter of a century—Permastore memory

3 Processes of Memory-Retrieval Recall vs. Recognition Recall: Search Ex. “fill-in-the-blank test” Recognition: Identify Ex. “multiple choice test” Locating stared information and returning it to conscious thought Context-Dependent Memory State-Dependent Memory “Tip-of-the-Tongue” Phenomenon Fun Facts Recall/Recognition in “Thinking About Psychology” Recall: you search for information that you previously stored Recognition: Ide

Forgetting: Retrieval Failure Interference Proactive: older memories disrupt recall of newer memories Retroactive: recent memories disrupt the recall of older memories Repression: process of moving anxiety-producing memories to the unconscious mind

3 Stages of memory- Sensory Memory Immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system Iconic Memory Images Eidetic Imagery Very detailed visual memory over several months Echoic Memory Sounds Kitchen Example

3 Stages of Memory- short-term Memory “Working Memory” Information you are consciously aware of before it’s stored more permanently or forgotten Can only hold a few things at one time Lasts as long as you keep rehearsing information– until made permanent Short-Term Memory Loss Kitchen Example

3 stages of memory- long-term Memory Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system No conscious effort needed Kitchen example

3 Stages of Memory Rehearsal Rehearsal Attention Storage Retrieval Sensory Input Attention Storage Retrieval Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory