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Chapter 7: Memory
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2. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information
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3. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Memory
Encoding
Refers to the process by which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory
Storage
The maintenance of material saved in the memory system
Retrieval
Material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used
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4. The Three Systems of Memory: Sensory Memory
The initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant
Iconic memory
Reflects information from our visual system
Echoic memory
Stores auditory information coming from the ears
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5. The Three Systems of Memory: Short-Term Memory
Memory store in which information first has meaning
May hold 7 (plus or minus 2) chunks of information
A chunk is a meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short term memory
Holds information for approximately seconds
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6. The Three Systems of Memory: Short-Term Memory
Chunking
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7. The Three Systems of Memory: Short-Term Memory
Rehearsal
The repetition of information that has entered short-term memory
Elaborative rehearsal
Occurs when information is considered and is organized in some fashion resulting in greater likelihood to be transferred into long-term memory
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8. The Three Systems of Memory: Short-Term Memory
Mnemonics
Formal techniques for organizing information in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered
ROY G. BIV for the colors of the rainbow
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
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9. The Three Systems of Memory: Short-Term Memory
Working memory
A set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information
Stress can reduce the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity
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10. The Three Systems of Memory: Short-Term Memory
Working memory
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11. The Three Systems of Memory: Long-Term Memory
A storehouse of almost unlimited capacity
Information in long-term memory is filed and coded so that we can retrieve it when we need it
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12. The Three Systems of Memory: Long-Term Memory
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13. Modules of Long-Term Memory
Declarative memory
Factual information: names, faces, dates, etc.
Procedural memory
Skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball
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14. Modules of Long-Term Memory
Semantic memory
General knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts
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15. Modules of Long-Term Memory
Episodic memory
Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context
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16. Neuroscience Of Memory
Hippocampus
Part of limbic system and plays a central role in the consolidation of memories
Amygdala
Involved in memories involving emotion
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17. Recalling Long-Term Memories
Explicit Memory
Intentional or conscious recollection of information
Implicit Memory
Memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior
Priming
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18. Recalling Long-Term Memories
Flashbulb Memories
Memories centered on a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event
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19. Recalling Long-Term Memories
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Inability to recall information that one realizes one knows
Retrieval cue
Stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is located in long-term memory
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20. Recalling Long-Term Memories
Levels of processing theory
Emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed
The amount of information remembered hinges on how much attention was paid
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21. Constructive Processes in Memory
Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events
Schemas
Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled
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22. Repressed and False Memories
Repressed memories
Recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious
False Memories
Develop when people are unable to recall the source of a memory of a particular event about which they have only vague recollections
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23. Autobiographical Memory
Our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives
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24. Forgetting: When Memory Fails
Herman Ebbinghaus
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25. Forgetting: When Memory Fails
Decay
Loss of information in memory through its nonuse
Interference
Phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information
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26. Forgetting: When Memory Fails
Amnesia
Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties
Retrograde
Memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event
Anterograde
Memory is lost for events that follow and injury
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27. Forgetting: When Memory Fails
Memory dysfunctions
Alzheimer’s disease
Characterized in part by severe memory problems
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Affects long-term alcoholics
Includes hallucinations
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28. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Improving Memory
Keyword technique
Encoding specificity
Organization cues
Effective note taking
Practice and rehearse
Don’t believe claims about memory improvement drugs...save your money!
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