CH 8 NOTES THE JEFFERSON ERA

THE ELECTION OF 1800 FEDERALISTS: JOHN ADAMS & CHARLES PINCKNEY Rule by wealthy class Strong federal government Emphasis on manufacturing Loose interpretation of the Constitution British Alliance

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS: THOMAS JEFFERSON & AARON BURR Rule by the people Strong state governments Emphasis on agriculture Strict interpretation of the Constitution French alliance

The election was deadlocked Jefferson and Burr both received 73 electoral votes The House of Representatives would have to decide

Day after day, each new vote ended in a tie Jefferson finally won on the 36th vote Hamilton swung the vote to Jefferson by spreading insults about Burr The problem with the voting system led Congress to propose the 12th amendment This created a separate ballot for president and vice president

JEFFERSON’S POLICIES Democratic-Republicans controlled both houses of congress Jefferson allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire He reduced the size of the army and navy Eliminated certain taxes Agreed to leave the National Bank Reduced the national debt Reduced the number of government employees

MARBURY V. MADISON Before Adams left office, the Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 This created 16 new judgeships that President Adams filled with Federalists before leaving office They were called midnight judges because they were appointed the night before he left office

Some of these appointments were made so late that the documents to authorize them were not delivered in time William Marbury, a judge named by President Adams, did not receive his documents before Adams left office

When Jefferson took over, Marbury demanded the documents Madison, the new Secretary of State, refused and said the documents were not valid Marbury sued and asked the Supreme Court to order the papers to be delivered

Marbury claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the power to do so John Marshall, A federalist appointed by Adams, was the chief justice of the Supreme Court

The court declared that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional (Judicial Review) Under the constitution, Congress could not give the Supreme Court such power Justice Marshall said that the Constitution gave the Supreme Court the authority to hear only certain types of cases Marbury’s case was not one of them, therefore it is unconstitutional

LOUISIANA PURCHASE As the 1800s began, the United States was expanding westward Spain controlled Louisiana, but found it impossible to keep Americans out of it They agreed to trade it to France, and pass the problem on to someone else France was led by Napoleon, a powerful ruler who had conquered most of Europe He wanted to build an empire in North America

Enslaved Africans in the Caribbean revolted against French rule France was at war with Great Britain again Napoleon needed his army elsewhere and also needed money for supplies The U.S. was only trying to buy New Orleans Napoleon sold all of Louisiana for $15 mil. (congress authorized $1 mil., Jefferson authorized $10 mil.)

VALUE OF TERRITORY: AVERAGE COST PER ACRE: THEN – $15 MILLION The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S. It provided many natural resources and major agricultural and livestock production VALUE OF TERRITORY: THEN – $15 MILLION NOW – $300 BILLION AVERAGE COST PER ACRE: THEN – 3¢ NOW - $1000

THE COMING OF WAR Great Britain and France were at war American trade was threatened American shipping had neutral rights Britain blockaded the French coast France said it would search and seize ships trading with Britain Barbary pirates from North Africa attacked American ships until the USS Constitution was sent in

Britain needed sailors They searched American ships for sailors they thought had run away from the British Navy Sometimes deserters were captured, but thousands of impressed Americans were also taken

Impressment – the practice of forcing people to serve in the army or navy.

Britain’s violations of neutrality sparked Americans for a response Instead of war, Jefferson urged congress to pass the Embargo Act The Embargo Act banned trade with all foreign countries The Embargo Act backfired

The effects were devastating to American businesses Northern states were losing money The Embargo Act damaged Jefferson’s popularity It had little effect on Britain and France

Conflicts in the West Settlers continued to pour into the Northwest Territory Native Americans were still angry and continued their association with the British The British began to arm the Natives, spreading fear with the settlers

Tecumseh tried to unite the Natives

The Governor (William Henry Harrison) of the Northwest territory tried to get Tecumseh to follow the Treaty Tecumseh refused and fighting broke out U.S. forces defeated Tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe

WAR HAWKS War Hawks – a name given to several young members of congress who were calling for war against Britain They wanted to stop British influence on Native Americans and invade Canada to gain more land New England Federalists wanted peace to renew their business ties with Britain

DECLARING WAR Madison became president in 1808 and had to deal with the trade wars left by Jefferson In 1812, for the first time in American history, congress declared war Months later, Madison was elected to a second term

Again the U.S. was unprepared for war An army of 7,000 men Militia with 50,000 to 100,000 poorly trained soldiers Two attempts to invade Canada were stopped by the British

WAR OF 1812 WAR AT SEA: British Navy had hundreds of ships U.S. Navy had less than 20 and none as powerful as the British The U.S. had well-trained sailors and new ships such as the Constitution The U.S. ships were also much faster U.S. won many one-on-one battles, but the British eventually blockaded the ports

BRITISH ATTACKS IN THE EAST: The British won the war against France in 1814 They were able to send more troops to the U.S. British attacked Washington D.C. Forced Madison to flee Burned and destroyed the city

British sail on to Baltimore Roads were barricaded and the harbor was blocked Shelled Fort McHenry for 25 hours Fort McHenry did not surrender British chose to retreat

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS: British hoped to take control of the Mississippi River Jackson commanded a mix of troops including African Americans, Indians, state militia, and pirates

British attack Jackson

British are caught in an open field British were cut down quickly More than 2,000 British were killed Jackson was a hero The last major conflict of the War of 1812 occurred after the treaty was signed

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE WAR Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 CAUSES OF WAR OF 1812: - Impressment - Interference with shipping - British aid to Native Americans

EFFECTS OF THE WAR OF 1812: - Increased sense of pride - boost in manufacturing - Indian resistance weakened