1960-1980 Protest Movements

Students and the Counterculture Roots of the 1960’s youth Movements: 1950’s Beat poets had criticized US culture that valued “conformity” & materialism. The Civil Rights Movement raised concerns over racism Cold War arms race made youth uneasy about their future Baby Boom—generation was young & questioned wisdom of adults more. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Young people who felt a wealthy elite controlled an unjust social & political system. Founded 1959 1962- Port Huron Statement – (written by Tom Hayden University of Michigan) a statement of ideas about what the group believed. Issues: Protested Vietnam, poverty, racism, and campus rules

The Free Speech Movement Led by Mario Savio and others at University of California-Berkley Began in 1964 when the university attempted to restrict student free speech rights on campus. Dec. 2, 1964- students conducted a sit-in; 600 police arrested 700 students. School officials eventually gave in to student demands after a campus wide strike & faculty sided with protesters. Tactics used by SDS were soon being used in protests across the nation.

The Counterculture Other young people rejected the mainstream culture entirely & tried to create their own lifestyle based on rock & roll, drugs, cooperation, love. “Hippies”- used their style of dress and long hair to symbolize their movement. Hippies dropped out of the mainstream culture to live in communes. Haight-Ashbury (San Francisco ) – drew thousands of Hippies each year. Eventually the counterculture movement declined. Impact of the Counterculture: Clothing, long hair, rock & roll Woodstock (upstate NY 1969)- a rock concert that drew thousands. Folk singers like Bob Dylan became the voice of the movement

Chapter 27 Section 2 The Feminist Movement

The Second Wave of Feminism Starting in the 1950’s, a new women’s movement began because women were unhappy with their status & treatment . 1920 (19th Amendment) gave women the vote and after that, the women’s rights movement split. WWII women worked in war factories but, after the war society emphasized women’s role as wives and homemakers. The Roots of the Movement 1.Unequal Treatment Newspaper ads separated jobs by gender Women were paid less for the same work Women kept out of high paying professions (1960’s- 3/4 of working women worked in low paying jobs)

2. Work Place Rights The President’s Commission on the Status of Women - JFK created a group to look into the status of women & suggest changes (Eleanor Roosevelt headed). 1963- Equal Pay Act– in most cases outlawed paying men more than women. 3. The Feminist Mystique by Betty Friedan (1963) Best seller about women who graduated from Smith College with her in 1942. Many reported having everything they wanted but feeling unfulfilled. Freidan will create the Feminist Movement 1950’s-1970’s. 4. 1964 Civil Rights Act Title VII– outlawed job discrimination based on race, religion, and gender

The National Organization for Women (NOW) Created by Friedan and others (men & women) in 1966 Demanded greater education opportunities for women Protested unequal pay and lack of access to high paying professions Pushed for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution (ERA) Ms. Magazine —official magazine of NOW; Gloria Steinem was editor. The Fight for an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) March 1972- Congress passed the ERA but, it had to be ratified by 38 states to be part of the constitution. By 1975- 35 states had ratified the amendment –but opposition arose. Phyllis Schlafly —led opposition to the ERA By 1982—The ERA was dead

Successes for the Feminist Movement Equality in Education Kathy Striebel - 1971 high school junior denied right to swim on team. N.O.W.-- urged Congress TO passed The Education Amendments (Title IX) Title IX – forbade federally funded schools from discriminating against women in admissions to athletics. Roe v. Wade (1973) Supreme Court made abortion legal Created controversy-- Right to Choose vs. Right to Life Other Impacts of the Feminist Movement: More women working in high paying professions Employers make work more compatible with family life Unequal pay is still an issue

Latino Americans Organize

Roots of the Latino Movements Discrimination Residential Segregation- the Southwest most Mexican-Americans lived in “barrios” segregated from whites. Work discrimination- mostly hired for low paying jobs in agriculture. Latinos Organize League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)– created 1929 Fight discrimination Encouraged assimilation & English LANGUAGE adoption Won victories in Texas against segregation in public places

In the 1960’s, Latinos fought to improve the lives of migrant farm workers. The United Farm Workers (UFW) Organized 1966 by Cesar Chavez & Delores Huerta Used boycotts to force farm owners to raise pay La Raza Unida (1969) A political party that supported Latino candidates in the US Southwest. Bilingual Education Teaching immigrant kids in their own language while they learned English Congress passed The Bilingual Education Act (1968) Today—most states use an English Only approach

The American Indian Movement (AIM) Militant civil rights organization for Native Americans Created 1968 in Minneapolis, Minn. Original goal was to help inner city Indians living in poverty Later it focused on economic independence of reservations.. 1969-1971- AIM occupied Alcatraz Island 1973- took over the Wounded Knee historic site to protest gov’t